Advocacy Grantmaking and civic organizations Essay

Advocacy Grantmaking and civic organizations - Essay Example Presently, thousands of advocacy, grant making and civic organizations have been formed primarily to serve the different groups and societies. In United States, these kinds of organizations exist in all states and are working with an aim of bettering the lives of the communities by openly addressing issues that afflict the people through service, civic engagements and independent actions. The organizations are diverse spanning the political field of ideas and entail all aspects of human interest including environmental conservation, homeless shelters advocates and day care centers (Center for Lobbying in the Public Interest, 2010). There are also organizations that address people’s concerns through sports and while others stands for the rights of particular groups in the society such as the rights of employees or a social group. Advocacy, grant making and civic organizations are collectively known as collectively known as nonprofits, not-for-profit sector, independent sector, third sector, philanthropic sector, social sector or the voluntary sector. The paper will explore different groups within the nonprofit sector and the issues they addressed. Moreover, it will assess the work environment in the industry (Center for Lobbying in the Public Interest, 2010). All the non-profit organizations are established to serve the interests of its members. However, all the organizations have varying goals which are used to categorize them. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics categorizes the non-profit industry into four segments: business, labor, professional, political and related organizations; social and civic organizations; social advocacy organizations and grant making and giving services. Business, professional, labor, political and allied organizations is the largest segment in the non-profit sector and offered approximately 423, 300 jobs in May 2004 as was

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example The paper tells that business organizations themselves realize that they owe a commitment towards the society which gives them an opportunity to establish themselves, expand their operations and finally generate profits out of their activities. In the opinion of Dahl, business enterprises are formed and sustained only as a form of a favored privilege of the Government and the society. Therefore, the social citizens will never consider the business firm as an enterprise which survives only for the purpose of making profits. The citizens through the State Government provide special rights, authorities, allowances and protections to the organizations and in return expect that the firms would undertake some activities to contribute to their well-being. Dahl emphatically declares that the existence of the business corporations is significantly dependent on the cooperation of the social citizens and therefore, enterprises have an obligation to make a positive contribution towards their liv ing conditions. Thus, firms implement various CSR functions to fulfill their commitment towards the society at large. From the definitions, it is evident that CSR refers to the relationship which the business corporations develop with the society within which they function. Authors Werther and Chandler have highlighted a unique aspect of the issue: CSR encompasses the commitment of the firms towards the society as well as the obligations of the social citizens towards the business corporations. In this context, society has been defined as an entity which encompasses all stakeholders and comprising groups that are involved in some way in the firm’s operations.... In the opinion of Dahl (1973), business enterprises are formed and sustained only as a form of a favored privilege of the Government and the society. Therefore, the social citizens will never consider the business firm as an enterprise which survives only for the purpose of making profits. The citizens through the State Government provide special rights, authorities, allowances and protections to the organizations and in return expect that the firms would undertake some activities to contribute to their well-being. Dahl emphatically declares that the existence of the business corporations is significantly dependent on the cooperation of the social citizens and therefore, enterprises have an obligation to make a positive contribution towards their living conditions. Thus, firms implement various CSR functions to fulfill their commitment towards the society at large (Banerjee, 2008 p.12). How does a firm decide on its CSR From the definitions, it is evident that CSR refers to the relat ionship which the business corporations develop with the society within which they function. Authors Werther and Chandler have highlighted a unique aspect of the issue: CSR encompasses the commitment of the firms towards the society as well as the obligations of the social citizens towards the business corporations. In this context, society has been defined as an entity which encompasses all stakeholders and comprising groups that are involved in some way in the firm’s operations. The stakeholders of a corporate organization include the â€Å"consumers, employees, suppliers, creditors and supervising authorities. The local community citizens and the environment agents are also considered as the

Advocacy Grantmaking and civic organizations Essay

Advocacy Grantmaking and civic organizations - Essay Example Presently, thousands of advocacy, grant making and civic organizations have been formed primarily to serve the different groups and societies. In United States, these kinds of organizations exist in all states and are working with an aim of bettering the lives of the communities by openly addressing issues that afflict the people through service, civic engagements and independent actions. The organizations are diverse spanning the political field of ideas and entail all aspects of human interest including environmental conservation, homeless shelters advocates and day care centers (Center for Lobbying in the Public Interest, 2010). There are also organizations that address people’s concerns through sports and while others stands for the rights of particular groups in the society such as the rights of employees or a social group. Advocacy, grant making and civic organizations are collectively known as collectively known as nonprofits, not-for-profit sector, independent sector, third sector, philanthropic sector, social sector or the voluntary sector. The paper will explore different groups within the nonprofit sector and the issues they addressed. Moreover, it will assess the work environment in the industry (Center for Lobbying in the Public Interest, 2010). All the non-profit organizations are established to serve the interests of its members. However, all the organizations have varying goals which are used to categorize them. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics categorizes the non-profit industry into four segments: business, labor, professional, political and related organizations; social and civic organizations; social advocacy organizations and grant making and giving services. Business, professional, labor, political and allied organizations is the largest segment in the non-profit sector and offered approximately 423, 300 jobs in May 2004 as was

How American football works Essay Example for Free

How American football works Essay Football, also known as American football, is a team game that combines strategy and physical play. The object of football is to advance the ball up the field by running and passing the ball, and scoring a touchdown by crossing the ball into the end zone. Professional football, high school football, and college football are all highly popular spectator sports in the United States. Football History Football originated from a primitive game of rugby played in America in the 1840s. In 1880, Walter Camp, considered the Father of American Football, exchanged the traditional rugby scrum for a line of scrimmage. In 1882, the four down system was introduced to negate Princeton and Yales strategy to hold the ball without trying to score. The following year, Camp reduced the number of players to eleven, and introduced the seven-man offensive line, with a quarterback, two halfbacks, and a full back. The first professional game was played in 1895. The National Football League (NFL) began in the early 1920s. Today, football is one of the most popular sports in the United States. Football Rules Football is played by two teams, with eleven players from each team on the field at a time. A football field is 120 yards long and 53 1/3 yards wide, including a field of 100 yards and two end zones of ten yards each. A game of football consists of four 12-15 minute quarters, depending on the level of play. The game begins with a coin toss. The winning team gets to decide if they would like to receive the ball, or which end of the field they would like to defend in the first half. One team then kicks the ball to the other team. A kick off occurs at the beginning of each half, and after every score. The team that takes control of the ball has four attempts, called downs, in which to advance the ball ten yards. When the offense succeeds in gaining ten yards they receive a new set of downs. If the offensive team fails to gain ten yards after four plays, the other team gets possession of the ball. The ball is put into play by a snap, where the center passes the ball between his legs to the quarterback. The quarterback then has the option to throw or run the ball. Once the quarterback passes the line of scrimmage (an imaginary line across the field from where the ball was snapped), they can no longer throw the ball forward. A down ends when: The player with the ball is tackled to the ground, or has their forward motion stopped by the opposing team; A pass is thrown out of bounds or hits the ground; The ball or player with the ball goes out of bounds; A team scores. An official blows their whistle to signal that a down is over. A change of possession occurs when: A team fails to gain ten yards after four plays; A team kicks the ball off after a score, or at the beginning of a half; A team chooses to punt the ball; A player from the defensive team catches a pass in the air (interception); An offensive player drops the ball after displaying they had possession and a defensive player recovers it (fumble). After a kickoff, punt, interception, or fumble, the ball is live, and the team gaining possession can run with the ball up field. A touchdown is worth six points. A team scores a touchdown when a player runs into or catches a pass in the opponents end zone. After scoring a touchdown, a team has the option to attempt an extra point by trying to kick the ball through the upright. Teams can elect to go for two points and attempt to drive the ball into the end zone on one play, starting from the two or three yard line (depending on level of play). A team scores a field goal, worth three points, by kicking the ball over the crossbar and through the goal posts. A team scores a safety, worth two points, if an opposing player is downed in the end zone. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins. Football Tips Good football players are agile. Agility drills include: jumping rope, running through tires, and jumping over cones. There are a variety of lesser contact versions of Football available. Tackle Football is the sport practiced by major professional leagues such as the NFL, but flag football and touch football are varieties that allow the player to be tackled by either touching with two hands or pulling a piece of ribbon or flag off the opposing player. This also allows for Co-ed or womens teams to engage without fear of injury. Football Equipment Football requires each player to have a helmet, shoulder pads, football pants, cleats, and a mouth guard. The game is played with a spheroid shape leather ball. A football is 11 inches long and 22 inches in circumference in the middle.

Observing Mitosis In The Cells Of Garlic Biology Essay

Observing Mitosis In The Cells Of Garlic Biology Essay Aim: To observe the stages of the cell cycle in living tissue, generally and specifically in the meristematic cells of the root of garlic and hence consider the duration of the stages of mitosis in relation to the whole cell cycle. Introduction: The  cell cycle, or  cell-division cycle, is the series of events that takes place in a  cell  leading to its division and duplication (replication). In cells without a nucleus (prokaryotes), the cell cycle occurs via a process termed  binary fission. In cells with a nucleus (eukaryotes), the cell cycle can be divided in two brief periods:  interphase-during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis andduplicating its DNA-and the  mitosis  (M) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells, often called daughter cells. The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled  fertilized egg  develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which  hair,  skin,  blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. [1] Figure 1: The cell cycle http://adasilva.glogster.com/chapter-10-bio/ Mitosis is the process that facilitates the equal partitioning of replicated chromosomes into two identical groups. Before partitioning can occur, the chromosomes must become aligned so that the separation process can occur in an orderly fashion. The alignment of replicated chromosomes and their separation into two groups is a process that can be observed in virtually all eukaryotic cells. [2] Both the alignment and separation processes are the consequence of the chromosomes interacting with filamentous proteinaceous structures, known as microtubules. The microtubules become organized into a biconical array known as a spindle, which forms early in mitosis, and then disassembles as mitosis nears completion. Mitotic spindles are visible in living cells with the polarizing light microscope. Some of the spindle microtubules become attached to the chromosomes at sites known as kinetochores. The kinetochores cannot be seen with the light microscope, but they reside near the place on the chromosome known as its centromere, which can be observed with the light microscope. There are two kinetochores on each replicated chromosome (one on each chromatid), and when the replicated chromosome splits apart at its centromere at the onset of anaphase, each daughter chromosome possesses one centromere and one kinetochore. The linkages between kinetochores and microtubules are thought to be central in controlling both the positioning of the replicated chromosome at the central portion of the spindle during the alignment phase, and in moving the daughter chromosomes apart after they split at their centromeres. The separation of daughter cells from each other is a process known as cytokinesis, and is separate from mitosis. In cytokinesis, animal and plant cells differ considerably from each other. These differences are the consequence of having or not having a cell wall. Cytokinesis in fungi reveals some similarities with plant cells, and exhibits other features unique to the group.[2] Figure 1: Illustration of the process by which somatic cells multiply and divide. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/mitosis.php The specimen used in this experiment is the root of garlic where the meristematic cells are actively dividing. Cell division in flowering plants takes place in particular regions of the plant called  meristems. Cells in meristems are not specialized for any particular function and divide repeatedly by mitosis. Some of the daughter cells remain meristematic; others cease dividing and become differentiated into appropriate cell types depending on their position. The root tip meristem is usually a denser white and more rounded than the cut end. Chromosomes in root tip tissue are made visible with the stain. Dividing cells (if present) will show up clearly with chromosomes in different forms according to the stage of mitosis. Individual chromosomes (as tightly-coiled threads) are visible during anaphase. The links between the cellulose walls of plant cells are broken down by the treatment with hydrochloric acid. This ensures that the stain can penetrate the cells and allows the tissue to be squashed out one cell thick. [3] References: [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle [2] http://www.life.umd.edu/CBMG/faculty/wolniak/wolniakmitosis.html [3] http://www.practicalbiology.org/areas/advanced/cells-to-systems/cell-division/investigating-mitosis-in-allium-root-tip-squash,121,EXP.html Objective: Mitosis occurs in four phases as a continuous process without break in between the phases. Before mitosis, the cells are in rest during interphase stage. The activity of chromosomes is significant in determining the stages of cell division. Therefore, to observe the chromosomes, the root cells are stained. There are two types of stains used; the toluidine blue stain. The toluidine blue stain causes the cytoplasm to appear light blue in colour while the chromosomes appear dark blue. In this experiment, the cells in the root tip of garlic is squashed, stained and observed under compound microscope to observe the stages mitosis. Apparatus: Compound microscope, 2 Watch glasses, dropper, tissue paper, microscope slide, cover slip, forceps, mounted needles, stopwatch, scalpel or sharp knife, eye protection, small sample tube, filter paper, eye goggles. Materials: Toluidine blue stain, 1M hydrochloric acid, 1 clove of garlic with roots, cold distilled water Procedure: 1-2 cm of root tips of growing garlic roots are cut off. The root tips are ensured to be chosen from those which are white and have a firm rounded end. The root tips are put into watch glass containing 2 cm3 of 1 M hydrochloric acid for exactly 5 minutes. The root tips are then transferred into watch glass containing approximately 5 cm3 cold water, and left for 4-5 minutes. The root tips are then dried on filter papers. Figure 3 : The root tips are transferred into glass with cold water The root tips are then transferred onto a clean microscope slide. 4-5 mm of the root tips are cut and kept, while the rest are discarded. The root tips are gently broken up with a mounted needle by a process called maceration. Figure 4 : The root tips are break up A small drop of toluidine blue stain is added to the root tips and left for 2 minutes. The tips are covered with a coverslip, and blotted firmly with several layers of tissue. The coverslip is pressed gently to spread the root tip. The samples are then viewed under the microscope (x40 magnifications) and the nuclei of the cells are located. The microscope lens is switched to higher power (x100, x400 and x1000 magnifications and look for cells with chromosomes. Figure 5 : The cells are observed under light microscope The regularly shaped, actively dividing cells are focused and counted for every phases of mitosis. The data obtained are recorded and tabulated. Results: Stages Of Mitosis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Total Cell counted 22 15 3 3 2 35 Percentage 62.9 14.3 8.6 8.6 5.7 100 Table 1 : The stages of mitosis and the respective cell count and percentage Calculation of the mitotic index : Mitotic index = number of cell containing visible chromosome total number of cells in the field of view Mitotic index = Interphase Interphase is the period where the cell prepares itself before cell division. It is a phase before the mitosis. The chromosomes are uncoiled and it fills the nucleus. DNA replication occurs during this stage. The nuclear envelope is visible the centrioles appear and so do the nucleolus. Prophase During prophase, the replicated chromosomes undergo extensive condensation or coiling. The chromosomes are greatly thickened and shortened but are still contained within the nuclear envelope. Prophase ends with the sudden dispersion of the nuclear envelope. The chromosomes start to coil, shorten, and become distinct. The mitotic spindle or polar fibers begin to form from the poles of the cell towards the equator. Metaphase Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell or what is called the metaphase plate. Polar fibers have reached the centromeres of the chromosomes and have begun interacting with them. Each kinetochore, plate like structure of the replicated chromosome is pointed toward one side of the spindle. The replicated chromosomes converge toward the center of the spindle, and once they get there, significant movements cease. On either sides of each centromere are sites for kinetochore microtubule. Anaphase Anaphase commences with the initial splitting of sister chromatids at their centromeres. These daughter chromosomes then begin to separate from each other, each moving away from the metaphase plate and toward one of the two spindle pole regions. Anaphase ends when the daughter chromosomes reach the end of the cell. Since the sister chromatids are identical copies of the original chromosomes, each pole of the cell will have a set of complete and identical chromosomes as in the parent cell. Telophase In telophase, the daughter chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and are eventually redistributed into chromatin. After complete separation of the chromosomes and their extrusion to the spindle poles, the nuclear membrane begins to reform around each group of chromosomes at the opposite ends of the cell. The nucleoli also reappear in what will eventually become the two new cell nuclei. A new nuclear membrane forms. The new cell walls grow to form the two new, identical daughter cells. The cytokinesis process starts to happen in order to complete the division of the two new cells. Discussion: After observing the mitosis process, we knew that percentages of the cells in each stage are different. In the experiment using toluidine blue stain, we observed that 22 cells out of 35 cells undergone interphase which covered 62.9% of the cells. There are 15 cells undergone prophase covering 14.3% of the cells. Metaphase and anaphase have the same percentage which is 8.6%. While 2 cells undergone telophase which covered 5.7%. The mitotic index using toluldine blue stain is which suggest that only 37.14% of the cells in our view were undergoing mitosis and the rest are still in interphase. The percentage of cells in each stage is related to the length of time a cell spends in each stage of mitosis. The greater the percentage of cells in a stage, the longer the time spent by each cell in that stage. Based on the table 1, it is clearly shown that the largest percentage of cells is found to be at interphase. Interphase is often referred as the resting phase. Interphase is the stage in which the cells prepare themselves to undergo mitosis. Since interphase has the largest percentage of cells, therefore each cell spends the longest time being at interphase stage. Metaphase and anaphase occupies the same length of time and same percentage of cells. This means cells spend almost equal length of time being at both phases. Telophase on the other hand, has the lowest percentage which means the shortest period of time a cell spends is during telophase. Prophase, being the first stage of mitosis has the second highest percentage of cells. It means compared to metaphase, anaphase and telophase, prophase is the stage of mitosis in which each cell spends the most time. From the results, we knew that most of the cells spent longer time in interphase because cell growth, replication of the chro mosomes, and many other activities are taking place during this time. The cells need to prepare first for the mitotic division to occur. On the other hand, based on results on table 2, is it clearly shown that, the size of cell during interphase is the smallest among all followed by the size of cell during prophase, metaphase, anaphase and finally the size of cell is the biggest during telophase. This is because, during interphase the cell will never grow in size exactly as the cell prepares itself for cell division. Meanwhile, during telophase the cell actually splitting into two daughter cells and it is obvious that the cell would have grown in size. This experiment use the garlic root tips tissue for observing the mitosis process because the stages of development in plant growth can be distinctly observed at this part which is known as meristem. This meristem is actively divided by mitosis. So, every stage of mitosis can be observed clearly. We ensure that our results are reliable because we use 3 samples of root tip. This could minimize the error during this experiment and we can compare the results for each sample. Besides that, we stained the samples using toluidine blue first so that we can observe the chromosomes clearly. We believed that our results are valid because the outcomes from the experiment are the same with what we expect based on the theory and our results are quite similar with the other groups results. Not only that, the usage of toluidine blue is reliable, cheaper and easy to handle with. In a way, it is simple and it helps produce results quicker compared to the usage of other staining. Conclusion: Mitosis can be divided into four different stages; prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. In conclusion, the mitosis process is a random process. So, different types of sample will have different length of time for mitosis to complete. Other than that, the longest stage of cell cycle is interphase with the highest percentage followed by metaphase and anaphase while the shortest stage is telophase with the lowest percentage. The greater the percentage of cells in a stage, the longer the time spent by each cell in that stage. Hypothesis is accepted.

Compare The Young Ravens That Call Upon Him and When Twilight Falls Upon The Stump Lots :: essays research papers

Compare The Young Ravens That Call Upon Him and When Twilight Falls Upon The Stump Lots  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sir Charles G.D Roberts' stories "The Young Ravens That Call Upon Him" and "When Twilight Falls Upon The Stump Lots" are similar in a lot of ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The point of view in the Young Ravens story is told from the eagle, the point of view in the Stump Lots is omniscient. In the "young ravens" story the eagle is the protagonist and the ewe is the antagonist. In the "stump lots" story the bear is the protagonist and the cow is the antagonist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In both stories the setting is beautifully described with a lot of description. They both take place in nature during the spring. One story however takes place in a valley wile the other takes place in the stump lots. There is pathetic fallacy in the description of both stories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plot of both stories is quite similar. They are both about hunting larger prey to survive, both about the motherly instinct of protectingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? ones youngà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. However in the stump lots no one comes out a head and in theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? ravensà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? story the eagles seem to come out satisfied, although the story does not go into great detail about the eagles fate. In the stump lots story man is present and the story ends with an irony of situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is foreshadowing in the young ravens story because it keeps on mentioning how unsafe the valley was for the ewe and lamb to be wondering around alone with out the rest of the flock. Also the story kept saying how hunger the eaglets were.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme in the young ravens story is....... one animal destroys another while innocently fulfilling the laws of its own nature. The theme in the other story is.....size and strength does not always prevail against an animals motherly instinct in nature, however man can make all the efforts in vain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the young ravens story a filling of piety is created towards the lamb because it had not yet had a chance to live. Also you feel sorry for the ewe because it is wondering around helplessly looking for her lamb separated in the wild from her flock.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the stump lot story you feel sorry for the bear because she is just trying to feed her cubs and she gets killed. Also when the dying bears last wish to get to her cubs is denied from her you cant help but feel bad.. You feel pity for the cow because all her efforts of trying to

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Children

There are many things in our society today that unfortunately go overlooked. One such thing that is overlooked is the number of children who are being abused. Unfortunately these children are going through life not knowing whether or not their parents will loose their temper and perhaps kill them. There are many types of child abuse, such as physical, sexual, and emotional. Physical abuse is physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, shaking, throwing, stabbing, choking, hitting, burning, or otherwise harming a child. Such injury is considered abuse regardless of whether the caretaker intended to hurt the child. Sexual abuse includes activities by a parent or caretaker such as fondling a child's genitals, penetration, incest, rape, sodomy, indecent exposure, and exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials. Emotional abuse is a pattern of behavior that impairs a child's emotional development or sense of self-worth. This may in clude constant criticism, threats, or rejection, as well as withholding love, support, or guidance. Emotional abuse is often difficult to prove and, therefore, Child Protection Services may not be able to intervene without evidence of harm to the child. Emotional abuse is almost always present when other forms are identified. Child abuse is a growing problem that has many causes and effects, but there are ways that we as a society can decrease the occurrence of this horrible event. Child abus...