Impact of Media Technology on Learning Behavior Essay Example

Impact of Media Technology on Learning Behavior Essay Example Impact of Media Technology on Learning Behavior Essay Impact of Media Technology on Learning Behavior Essay Reviewed literature Behavior modification focuses on behaviors and behavior changes. Behaviors are what a person does or says. The purpose of behavior modification is to help change behaviors that have a social impact on ones life while improving a specific aspect of that persons life (Miltenberger, 2008). According to Mather and Goldstein (2001 ), All behavior follows a set of consistent rules.Methods can be developed for defining, observing, and measuring behaviors, as well as designing effective interventions (p. 96). Behaviors have one or more dimensions that can be measured. These dimensions include the frequency or number of times a behavior occurs, the duration or how long a behavior occurs, and the intensity or physical force involved in a behavior (Miltenberger, 2008). Behavior modification is a field of psychology that analyzes and modifies human behaviors (Miltenberger, 2008).It is the consistent application of positive or negative consequences to reinforce the occurrence of a desirable behavior and/or to reduce the occurrence of an undesirable behavior. As stated by Miltenberger (2008), analyzing a behavior means to 7 determine the relationship between the environment and that behavior to better understand why a person behaved the way he or she did, and modifying a behavior means to create and put into place procedures to help people change that behavior.Four major figures in psychology were influential in the development of the scientific principles on which behavior modification, a theory of psychology that has been around since the early 1900s, is based. The first major contribution of behavior modification was Edward Thorndikes development of the law of effect, in 1911, which states behaviors that generate a positive effect on the environment are more likely to occur in the future (lvfiltenberger, 2008). An example of the law of effect pertaining to education is students receiving credit for doing their homework.This theory implies that students who consistently earn credit for completing their homework are more likely to continue this behavior. In 1913, John Watson started a movement called behaviorism. Watson believed that observable behaviors were an appropriate subject matter of psychology and that all behaviors were controlled by outside events (Miltenberger, 2008). Behaviorism can be witnessed in schools when students who live in abusive and/or unstructured environments misbehave because 8 they have not been exposed to or taught socially acceptable behaviors by their parents.These students undesirable behaviors are often a result of negative, unhealthy events that take place in their homes. In the mid-1920s, Ivan Pavlovs experiments discovered the basic process of respondent conditioning (Miltenberger, 2008). Respondent conditioning, also known as classical conditioning, pairs a stimulus and response that occurs naturally with another stimulus to elicit a response that does not occur naturally. This theory is demonst rated in the classroom when teachers use the statement, give me five.This specific behavior management technique is used to quickly and quietly cue students to stop what they are doing. Students are expected to give the teacher their undivided attention while he or she speaks to the class. Teachers who implement this technique have conditioned their students to behave in a specific manner which is unrelated to the usual meaning of the statement. B. F. Skinner is considered to be one of the most influential figures in the development of behavior modification (Labrador, 2004).During the 1930s, Skinner expanded the field of behaviorism first developed by Watson by laying out the principles of operant condition which claims that the 9 consequence of a behavior controls the future occurrence of that behavior (~v1iltenberger, 2008). Skinners work has influenced the field of education, as well as the field of psychology. He believed that positive reinforcement was more effective than punis hment when trying to change and establish behaviors. Through his work, Skinner identified five main obstacles to learning.These obstacles are a fear of failure, the task is too long and complicated, the task lacks directions, clarity in the directions is lacking, and there is little or no positive reinforcement (Frisoli, 2008). Skinner also recognized that people can be taught age-appropriate skills using the following techniques. These techniques are giving the learner immediate feedback, breaking tasks down into small steps, repeating the directions as many times as possible, working from the most simple to the most complex tasks, and giving positive reinforcement (Frisoli, 2008).Behavior modification is used in many areas to assist in changing peoples problematic behaviors. These behaviors are considered to be socially unacceptable and inappropriate for ones age and/or ability. Additionally, these behaviors are often disruptive to ones life. Miltenberger (2008) noted that, A weal th of research in behavior modification demonstrates that these 10 behaviors often can be controlled or eliminated with behavioral intervention One field that consistently uses behavior modification is education, especially in the areas of classroom management and teaching students with special needs.The field of developmental disabilities has received more behavior modification research than any other area (Miltenberger, 2008), as individuals with disabilities often have behavioral deficits that are able to be overcome with the use of behavior modification. Behavior modification continues to play a major role in special education. It is used to create effective teaching methods and to control problematic behaviors such as not cot plying with school and/or class rules. It is also used to improve inappropriate social behaviors including temper tantrums, interrupting, and difficulty sharing.Furthermore, behavior modification is used to improve functional skills deficits pertaining to personal hygiene and toileting, promoting self-management, and training teachers (Miltenberger, 2008). Statement of the Problem The purpose of my paper was to explore behavior modification by using rewards to encourage positive, observable behavior changes in my students. Teachers have an opportunity to positively impact their students behavior, in addition to their education. I wanted to see if the idea of behavior modification was an effective method for teaching and encouraging students’ age-appropriate behaviors and social skills.I researched the use of rewards and positive reinforcement with regards to behavior modification by creating a classroom more interacting and participation on the classroom. One aspect of teaching is educators abilities to effectively manage their students behaviors. Many teacher education programs expose preserve teachers to numerous strategies for managing students behaviors because the most challenging aspect of teaching continues to be classr oom management and discipline (Yost amp; Muscat, 2002).According to Wetzel and Mercer (2003), â€Å"The area of behavior interventions in classrooms receives more attention than many other aspects of schooling (p. 89). This is not surprising as teachers are expected to deal with discipline problems that were once a cause for suspension or expulsion from school since more and more students are being included in public school settings, in part due to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (Quinn et al. , 2001). Another area teachers struggle with is whether or not students should be rewarded for behaviors that are expected of them.Some educators believe that it is not their responsibility to provide incentives for students; they feel that this is the job of parents. However, research in the area of behavioral skills training claims that feedback in the form of positive reinforcement is essential to teaching individuals appropriate behaviors and expectations (Miltenberger, 20 08). Wetzel and Mercer (2003) note that, The most controversial issues in behavior management have been the use of rewards to n-motivate and teach students to follow classroom rules and routines and to complete academic assignments (p. 8). The appropriate use of positive reinforcement and behavior modification are important for success in the classroom, as frequent reprimands, low expectations, and infrequent praise often result in students who exhibit challenging behaviors (Morgan, 2006). Educators can use strong classroom management skills to end, or at the very least avoid, an increase in problematic behaviors. Significant of the study This study focused on the impact of positive reinforcement on their studies will motivate them to study hard.It is used to create effective teaching methods and to control problematic behaviors such as not cot plying with school and/or class rules. It is also used to improve inappropriate social behaviors including temper tantrums, interrupting, an d difficulty sharing. All of only students were classified as having special needs and were placed in my learning resource classroom due to cognitive and/or behavioral deficits that required specialized support from a special education teacher. Many of my students had a difficult time appropriately interacting with adults and peers, especially in the area of manners.These students often required numerous verbal prompts and reminders from adults working with them to use manners. Unfortunately, the previous approach of verbally prompting my students to use appropriate manners did not have the intended positive effect of improving their social interactions. Scope and limitation This study considered the effect of positive reinforcement on the classroom setting whom we wanted to see if the idea of behavior modification was an effective method for teaching and encouraging students’ age-appropriate behaviors and social skills on the particular setting on classroom.Definition of Ter ms Behavior What a person says or does. Cooperative Learning. Cooperative Learning is a systematic pedagogical strategy that encourages small groups of students to work together for the achievement of a common goal. Classroom management- A set of skills needed by a teacher to plan, implement, and maintain a learning environment in which students learn decision-making skills needed to be responsible for their own learning and conduct. Discussion. -There are a variety of ways to stimulate discussion.Motivation- A driving force that encourages an action or behavior to occur Positive reinforcement- positive reinforcement involves the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future. Reward- Something that is given in return for doing something else. Skills- An ability and capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic, and sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carryout complex activities or job f unctions involving ideas (cognitive skills), things (technical skills), and/or people (interpersonal skills).Teaching strategy- are the methods you use to allow learners to access the information you are teaching. This action research project explored the theory of behavior modification through the use of rewards to promote positive behavioral changes in students with special needs. A classroom behavior management plan was created to observe the effectiveness of positive reinforcement on influencing students behaviors. CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the research methodologies used in the study.This includes the research design, sources of data, data gathering procedure and the statistical treatment of data. Research Design The researchers employed the one group must be experimental without reinforcement while the other group is a controlled group that if there is a motivation using positive reinforcement. By using this design, the researchers were able to determine effe cts of positive reinforcement regarding on their participation in class. The experimental and controlled group was used as a basis of comparison of reinforcement. Materials This will be conducted in a classroom setting

The War Against Iraq essays

The War Against Iraq essays Many say that the Bush Administration is justified in its attempts to wage war against Iraq. Citizens that believe in this course of action should stop and examine some of the finer details. After the conflict in Afghanistan our government shifted its attention to Iraq in its search for weapons of mass destruction. Simply because Iraq has the capability to one-day produce nuclear arms is not justification for a preemptive attack from the U.S. Countries across the globe and the majority of the U.N. opposes the U.S.s proposal of a preemptive attack on Iraq simply because the country could one day threaten freedom. Iraq has shown no signs of aggression towards the U.S. that merits military actions. Another point that was brought up a former U.N. weapons inspector was that Iraq no longer poses a threat to the U.S. in any way. If our government proceeds with its plans to invade Iraq our efforts to eliminate terrorist threats in other countries would be useless due to the overwhelming w orld-wide disapproval of our governments actions involving Iraq. Also our already-troubled economy would suffer due to the amount of resources needed for a war against Saddam. A preemptive strike against a non-aggressive country is not only immoral but is illegal. The Bush Administration claims that they are enforcing the will of the security council by attacking Iraq, but also state that they are willing to defy the council to attack Saddam. The few remaining government officials that have experience in war almost all agree that out nations method of handling this situation is not taking into account the bigger picture. One major flaw in the plan for an attack on Iraq is that Saddam has not threatened the U.S. in any way. This alone is enough reason for us to rethink our plans. Other countries like North Korea who actually possess nuclear arms and have shown signs of willingness to use them seem a much more ...

A Shift Of Reality Essay Research Paper

A Shift Of Reality Essay, Research Paper A Shift of World The new telecasting genre of world shows is going so popular because they offer an alternate sense of world. What is world and is there merely one reading or many different 1s? There is no 1 world because world displacements. The dictionary definition of world is the followers: World is the province of things as they are instead than as they are imagined to be. Worlds are facts. Just like world, facts besides shift. There could be a newspaper article about an temblor in Los Angeles and it would depict the harm and deceases, which are facts. Another edition of the newspaper may come out a few yearss subsequently with new information and more deceases to account for which would so do the facts to switch. Virtual world is the set of images and sounds produced by a computing machine which seem to stand for a topographic point or state of affairs in which a individual sing it can take portion but is this truly world? There can non be merely one world that is cosmopolitan to everyone becau se along with the always-changing context, people s perceptual experience besides changes on a regular footing. To assist exemplify this, world telecasting plans have been created. Of class the manufacturers of these telecasting shows do non desire the viewing audiences to hold on such differentiations between world and the shows they are bring forthing because it might endanger the merchandise they are seeking to sell. Unfortunately, the people who buy into these world shows far out-weigh the 1s who don T. Ten old ages ago, manufacturers recognized there was a whole new genre of programming out at that place. Today, the world fad is now under manner in full force. New shows are being introduced one right after another. Manufacturers have created shows like Big Brother, Survivor, Real World, Blind Date and Temptation Island because of the popularity of this new genre of world shows. But why are these shows so popular and how existent are they or in what sense are they existent? Why have these world shows taken over and have somewhat replaced Television situation comedies and films? Aren t there similarities between the two? These shows are so popular because they deal with existent life issues and jobs that happen in every twenty-four hours lives of people in our society. Of class in existent life, you might non travel to Belize to rip off on a important other but the bang of it excited the viewing audiences. They deal with constructs that could go on to you and we, as people are funny about how to respond to these same state of affairss without really holding to be in them at the present minute. We continue to watch these shows because we associate to a character that is similar to ourselves and we concentrate on that character s interactions and relationships with others. But how existent are these character s reactions. Of class they don Ts have a book but they know that they were picked because they could full-fill some imitation and they play up to this function they were given. We get pulled in and go funny to what is traveling to go on next. We want to see our character and what they do next or what is in shop for them. You could about state that we become addicted to the telecasting shows. Not merely do we watch these shows for existent life comparings but we besides watch them because they are merely entertaining and merriment to watch. Sometimes the material that happens is so far fetched that you merely have to express joy at the idea of it really go on ing. Peoples like these shows because they can express joy at the state of affairss being portrayed and know that they don Ts have to cover with them themselves and because it isn t go oning to them. These shows offer an alternate sense of world where at that place seems to be no effects or the effects seem bogus or staged because it is a telecasting show. How existent are these telecasting shows and can you truly compare them to existent life world? Take Real World and Temptation Island. Real World is about six aliens who go through an full showing procedure and are picked to populate in a house someplace and have their lives taped and so broadcasted to the full universe. The public viewing audiences raise many inquiries. How much of their lives and interactions are really shown? There is no manner that the manufacturers can suit all of the things that happen into a half-hour or hr block. So what do they make? They edit and edit and edit. They create the struggles and play off people s insecurities and emotions. They develop the chief narrative line and secret plan with all the hours of fresh taping. Real World is now in its seventh or 8th episode. Make you truly think that the 7th episode is traveling to be as existent at the first 1 was? The reactions are supposed to be believed to be existent but in fact, many argue that they are s taged. They have no book but the manufacturers can make the character with the engineering of redacting. They can pretty much make about anything with this engineering. There is no written book that is really touchable but it seems as though there is an mute book that these alleged existent people follow. Temptation Island on the other manus is about four twosomes who go to an island in Baja off the seashore of Belize and are so separated from their important other. They so are surrounded by individual aliens of the opposite sex and tempted to rip off. The manufacturers tape the twosomes as the y travel on assorted day of the months with different work forces and adult females. These tapes so acquire shown to the important others with the worst parts of class being shown to change and falsify world and do it look like something bad happened. The people on Temptation Island have most likely seen other world based Television shows. They know that there are 1000000s of viewing audiences watching them on telecasting so they are traveling to make things to seek and stand out. Their reactions most probably will non be 100 % existent because they know they have a function to full-fill or an image to maintain. How can you be 100 % existent when you have 100s of cameras on you all the clip? This leads to the point about bad material. It is the bad material that sells. Anyone with even a small spot of sense should be able to see that these shows are altered and offer a different sense of world. But why so does this material sell and does it go on to go more and more popular? What do people believe of when they hear the word normal? What is normal? Are the people on Temptation Island and Real World normal people or do they full-fill some function that the manufacturers want portrayed? Normal as depicted in the dictionary says that it is conforming with an recognized criterion or norm ; natural ; usual. How so, do you find what is the recognized criterion? Is it being scraggy and a size two or is it a size eight? Is normal holding tonss of money and being celebrated and being driven around in a limousine or holding a house in the suburbs and having your ain concern and driving a mini new wave? You can construe something to be normal legion ways. I think that the world shows take what they think is normal and broadcast their position all across the state. Temptation Island for illustration does non hold any corpulent work forces or adult females. They all have nice, muscular organic structures and respectable callings. What does this do the younger viewing audiences that these shows have been targeted at feel about how they should look? Is this what world is all about? These people in these new shows are people like the remainder of us but they change the minute they get behind a camera. We might be looked at as tiring but they could be merely like us, merely non perceived as drilling because they are on this world telecasting show. Are these shows so popular because it is stressed upon us that the persons in these shows are normal so we are supposed to be able to associate to them better because they are more like us instead than a alleged famous person? Berger makes a claim on page 105 in the Way of Reading text. He says that the manner we see things if affected by what we know or what we believe. This helps to explicate why there is non one world and the differentiations between the varying degrees of world. If an person is brought up in an environment where his/her parents don t get along and there is dishonesty in the household, so they might turn up to see rip offing as non so bad. They would see Temptation Island as a show similar to their childhood and might promote the twosomes to rip off or wouldn t look down upon it whereas a kid who was brought up in a different type of environment where dishonesty is looked down upon enormously. This kid might see the show as disgusting and abhorrent and might non understand why any twosome would hold to take part. There are many other cultural issues in our society that one could reason are ambivalent. The issue of abortion, criminal conversation i.e. Monica Lewinsky, the monetary value of gas, child labour Torahs or speeding ordinances. The experiences in our lives and our beliefs shape the manner that we see world. It all relates to Berger s claim about the manner that we see things are affected by what we know and believe. I think that a large portion of this popularity with the world telecasting shows is credited to people s captivation with phantasy universes and desiring to populate the perfect life where everything happens merely as it should. How can one specify the perfect life? Is it holding a batch of money and being able to make everything you want or is it holding an tremendous household with tonss of love? It is difficult to state what the perfect life is. These new telecasting shows challenge that perceptual experience on what people think world is and offers a different degree of world. This is why I believe that there can be no one world. Everyone has a different position of what they think world is to them, what is normal to them, what is a perfect life and what is of import to them that they get out of life. They compare their lives to those people on these telecasting shows because it is the cupboard to existent that they can associate to without really being straight involved. They do n Ts compare their lives to films and Television situation comedies as much because they know that they both have books that the histrions have to follow and they are seen as farther from the true world than a show like Real World or Survivor. By watching these shows people can populate their lives about through the characters and that manner there are no effects. The characters do things that us as persons would neer believe of making or opportunities we could or neer would take. These new world telecasting shows offer an alternate sense of world and many different degrees of it. There is non one world because it is everlastingly altering and germinating and our society has taken this new genre of telecasting shows to portray this.

INTERNATIONAL LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

INTERNATIONAL LAW - Essay Example Article 51 of the UN Charter of 1945 recognizes that members of the UN have â€Å"inherent rights† to â€Å"individual and collective defence† during an armed attack but measures taken by member nations in the exercise of self-defence are required to be immediately reported to the UN Security Council. At the same time, Article 51 of the UN Charter clearly says that the measure taken by member states of the United Nations will not in any way affect the â€Å"authority and responsibility† of the UN Security Council provided for under the UN Charter to take action to maintain or restore international peace and security. Article 51 of the UN Charter, however, bestow authority to the UN Security Council to take action for maintaining or restoring international peace and security, as the UN Security Council deems necessary and at any time. Thus, while nations and collectives of nations have inherent right to self-defence, Article 24 of the UN Charter clearly assigns to the UN Security Council the â€Å"primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security†. In other words, while member nations may have the right to individual defense, it can be viably argued that under the UN Charter, the primary responsibility for â€Å"international peace and security† remains with the UN through the UN Security Council. It follows that the extent to which a nation can exercise action based on self-defence can be effectively constrained by the UN Security Council. Similarly, it can be credibly and viably be asserted that the preamble of the UN charter requires that all nations observe the rule that â€Å"armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest†. Under Article 39 of the UN Charter, however, other than the UN Security Council, the UN granted no other party the right to â€Å"determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide

Focusing on Long term care for the elderly, how have internal markets Essay

Focusing on Long term care for the elderly, how have internal markets changed the organisation and delivery of public services - Essay Example This has in turn led to emergence of new management tactics in the public sector. Public services differ from other services provided by private sector in various ways. Private organizations produce goods and services for sale with an aim of making profit and hence are not available to people who cannot afford them. On the other hand, the aim of the government is to provide the essential services to all citizens especially those who can’t afford. It does not aim at making profit by providing the services (Flynn, 2007). The public services also help the other members of society indirectly due to trickling effect of benefits from those who consume the services such as education. As opposed to private services which are acquired individually depending on affordability, public services are paid collectively through taxes and some can’t be offered in isolation. Some public services though are subject to charges such as leisure facilities, care for the elderly, and some drugs . The people accountable for ensuring the citizens get the services are the politicians who represent the needs of the electorate. The facilities used to provide the services are publicly owned although the government can rent private facilities to be able to provide the services. The government through public sector reforms has been engaging the services of private organizations in order to offer efficient services. There has also been need to provide high quality services and minimise costs therefore, the government employs the management tactics of the private sector to achieve the reforms needed (Hoggett, 1991). The organization and delivery of public services has therefore changed tremendously over time. One of the services affected by these changes is the provision of long term care for the elderly which will be discussed throughout the paper. Public Administration to New Public Management Traditionally, public administration dominated the public sector management. Organizatio n and delivery of services was controlled by the central government through public service employees. The services were funded by revenue collected from taxation, in essence citizens pay for the services indirectly but the provision of the services does not depend on how much individuals contribute as tax; services are offered equally to all. Bureaucratic controls were evident in administration and provision of services. The politicians elected by the people determine what is to be offered to the electorates through the budgetary process. They also determine the bureaux to supply the services as they are selected to lead ministries and make legislations for local authorities on services to carry out (Flynn, 2007). The organization and delivery of care services for the elderly were controlled centrally by the Department of Health through the regional health authorities. The department organized purchasing and provision of care for the elderly and the disabled (Brereton & Vasoodaven, 2010). The public enterprises followed strict procedures regulated by law. The work of the managers of these enterprises was to implement national policies. The management policies were geared towards ensuring trusted workers and development teams who in turn would promote public service values. Customer (citizens) satisfaction would

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example The paper tells that business organizations themselves realize that they owe a commitment towards the society which gives them an opportunity to establish themselves, expand their operations and finally generate profits out of their activities. In the opinion of Dahl, business enterprises are formed and sustained only as a form of a favored privilege of the Government and the society. Therefore, the social citizens will never consider the business firm as an enterprise which survives only for the purpose of making profits. The citizens through the State Government provide special rights, authorities, allowances and protections to the organizations and in return expect that the firms would undertake some activities to contribute to their well-being. Dahl emphatically declares that the existence of the business corporations is significantly dependent on the cooperation of the social citizens and therefore, enterprises have an obligation to make a positive contribution towards their liv ing conditions. Thus, firms implement various CSR functions to fulfill their commitment towards the society at large. From the definitions, it is evident that CSR refers to the relationship which the business corporations develop with the society within which they function. Authors Werther and Chandler have highlighted a unique aspect of the issue: CSR encompasses the commitment of the firms towards the society as well as the obligations of the social citizens towards the business corporations. In this context, society has been defined as an entity which encompasses all stakeholders and comprising groups that are involved in some way in the firm’s operations.... In the opinion of Dahl (1973), business enterprises are formed and sustained only as a form of a favored privilege of the Government and the society. Therefore, the social citizens will never consider the business firm as an enterprise which survives only for the purpose of making profits. The citizens through the State Government provide special rights, authorities, allowances and protections to the organizations and in return expect that the firms would undertake some activities to contribute to their well-being. Dahl emphatically declares that the existence of the business corporations is significantly dependent on the cooperation of the social citizens and therefore, enterprises have an obligation to make a positive contribution towards their living conditions. Thus, firms implement various CSR functions to fulfill their commitment towards the society at large (Banerjee, 2008 p.12). How does a firm decide on its CSR From the definitions, it is evident that CSR refers to the relat ionship which the business corporations develop with the society within which they function. Authors Werther and Chandler have highlighted a unique aspect of the issue: CSR encompasses the commitment of the firms towards the society as well as the obligations of the social citizens towards the business corporations. In this context, society has been defined as an entity which encompasses all stakeholders and comprising groups that are involved in some way in the firm’s operations. The stakeholders of a corporate organization include the â€Å"consumers, employees, suppliers, creditors and supervising authorities. The local community citizens and the environment agents are also considered as the

BIM in Construction and Knowledge Management within Dubai Dissertation

BIM in Construction and Knowledge Management within Dubai - Dissertation Example Any uses made within it of the works of other authors in any form (e.g. ideas, equations, figures, text, tables, programmes) are properly acknowledged at the point of their use. A full list of the references employed has been included. ... on 10 Objectives 10 Aim 11 Research Questions 11 Chapter Two: Research Methodology 12 Research 12 Objectives of Research 13 Motivation in Research 14 Types of Research 15 Research Approaches 18 Significance of Research 18 Research Methodology 18 Importance of Knowing How is Research Done 19 Secondary Data Collection 20 Primary Data Collection 20 Method of Data Analysis 21 Chapter Three: Literature Review: BIM 22 What is BIM? 22 How do construction companies use BIM? To what extent? 24 Uses of BIM in Construction Industry 28 Cost Estimating 28 Visualizing 29 Learning 30 Accessibility to Information 30 Interoperability 33 Simulation 34 Facility Management 34 Scheduling 35 Strategies for implementing BIM 35 Socio-technical and socio-cultural view 38 Building Object Behavior (BOB) 39 Impact of using BIM in the industry - Six KPIs of construction and BIM’s impact 39 Summary 42 Chapter Four: Literature Review: Knowledge Management 44 Knowledge creation and transfer 44 Definition of Knowledge Management 48 Knowledge management in construction industry 48 Status of KM in Construction Industry 54 Knowledge management systems/ models/ processes 58 Relevance of BIM in KM 64 BIM using KM in UAE- what it means? 66 Summary 67 Chapter Five: Survey/ Questionnaire Findings 68 Chapter Six: Conclusions and Recommendations 88 References 90 APPENDICES 94 APPENDIX 1- Survey questionnaire 94 APPENDIX 2- Responses of Survey Questionnaire 98 LIST OF TABLES AND DIAGRAMS Figure 1: BIM Framework. 24 Figure 2: BIM use through the lifecycle of building construction 25 Figure 3: A parametric object design process 27 Figure 4: Cost influence during project lifecycle 29 Figure 5: Cost influence during project lifecycle 32 Figure 6: Relationships and enablers of the information value-chain in NBIMS