Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart :: Chinua Achebe Things Fall Apart

Chinua Achebes Things Fall ApartThe white man is very clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. right off he has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us unitedly and we have fallen apart. As the British colonized the areas of Nigeria inhabited by the Ibo, they brought with them their new religion of Christianity, which sought to overrun the traditional animist way of invigoration that had endured in the area for centuries. The new religion was treated with skepticism early on, but the lure of the wealth that British traders brought into the city, along with the support of the British political relation and judicial system eventually displaced Ibo society completely. Although many historians make the assertion that the tribes conversion to Christianity by English missionaries was responsible, even noble, the truth is that the fragmentation of I bo culture was not for the love of God, but for the love of money and power. For the colonialists, Christianity was used as an effective wedge between the Ibo and their land. They knew that without infiltration from the inside, the people of Umofia and surrounding villages would continue to rebel against British authority in the area. By introducing Christianity into the villages, and creating conflict amongst the natives, they were able to gain a foothold into the psyches of the tribespeople. Converted Christians, having been ostracized by the rest of their communities, were forced to rely on the British for support. The presence of natives loyal to the Queen gave the British blanket jurisdiction over the entire village, and the Royal administrative and judicial system could now enforce British law over the Ibo. Although the argument can me made that these effects were merely byproducts of a noble effort on the part of the Europeans to bring the Christian conviction to Africa, mor e evidence suggests that the real motivation was money, not religion. The colonists had much to gain from a colonized Africa, including abundant natural resources and workers to tend farms and chop trees for the Queen. As the motto goes, Before the White Man came, we had the land and they had the Bible. Now we have the Bible and they have the land.

lighthod Light and Dark in Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart

stir up and Dark in Conrads Heart of Darkness       In Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, the reason adverts to the bringing close together that the entrapment of light by darkness that is constantly suggested (Bloom 46) is comparative to Marlows personality and perspective of his expedition down the Congo River. Light symbolizes any object or notion that is positive while darkness represents anything that elicits malice. The way in which Conrad approaches the novel by using darkness constantly prevail over light shows a continual theme of foreboding and gloom. Everything that shows vibrancy is illuminated through Conrads words. These symbolisms and representations have a undeviating effect on the personality and perspective of the protagonist, Marlow. Conrads use of a entrap tale is exceedingly important when the character that is sharing his recollections has an altered perception. One may scrutinize the perspective of the Afri dope landscape as a sub jective wonder and not a foreboding nightmare as Marlow illustrates. The altered perception of Marlow, as using darkness as a sea captain of light, exhibits that Conrad utilizes the barf tale as a scapegoat for his personal perspective. The accounts of the narrative are the actual happenings of Conrads individual journey up the Congo River. The subscriber, through Marlows speech, can show any given atmosphere described in the book. Unfortunately, there are not any existing neutral settings throughout the book. The landscapes are any traverse by darkness or light. The effect of this darkness or light has a direct corollary to the reader.   Immediately the reader recognizes a contrast among the nonviolent European setting and the disarray of t... ...a dream(24.). Marlow suddenly becomes aware of his immediate listeners and speaks directly to them as individuals. These listeners are, in essence, the reader. Conrad realizes that at certain junctures in his exp lanation the reader may lose interest. As a repercussion, Conrad institutes particular statements that maintain the intellectual sake of the reader. Once again when Marlow detects disinterest and fiercely responds to someone sighing he questions the rectitude of the listener. He automatically assumes that the listener sighs because of the absurdity of what is being stated Why do you sigh in this beastly way, somebody?(43.). As Marlow continues, the intermittent utterances regarding the readers involvement play a pivotal role in developing the contrast between darkness and light as Marlow nears the actual heart of darkness.     lighthod Light and Dark in Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Light and Dark in Conrads Heart of Darkness       In Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, the author adverts to the idea that the entrapment of light by darkness that is continually suggested (Bloom 46) is comparative to Marlows personality and perspective of his expedition down the Congo River. Light symbolizes any object or concept that is positive while darkness represents anything that elicits malice. The way in which Conrad approaches the novel by using darkness constantly prevail over light shows a continual theme of foreboding and gloom. Everything that shows vibrancy is illuminated through Conrads words. These symbolisms and representations have a undeviating effect on the personality and perspective of the protagonist, Marlow. Conrads use of a frame tale is exceedingly important when the character that is sharing his recollections has an altered perception. One may scrutinize the perspective of the African landscape as a natural wonder and not a foreboding nightmare as Marlow illustrates. The altered perception of Marlow, as using darkness as a victor of light, exhibits that Conrad utilizes the frame tale as a scapegoat for his personal perspective. The accounts of the narrative are the actual happeni ngs of Conrads individual journey up the Congo River. The reader, through Marlows speech, can visualize any given atmosphere described in the book. Unfortunately, there are not any existing neutral settings throughout the book. The landscapes are either overcome by darkness or light. The effect of this darkness or light has a direct corollary to the reader.   Immediately the reader recognizes a contrast between the peaceful European setting and the disarray of t... ...a dream(24.). Marlow suddenly becomes aware of his immediate listeners and speaks directly to them as individuals. These listeners are, in essence, the reader. Conrad realizes that at certain junctures in his story the reader may lose interest. As a repercussion, Conrad institutes particular statements that maintain the intellectual involvement of the reader. Once again when Marlow detects disinterest and fiercely responds to someone sighing he questions the integrity of the listener. He automatically assumes that the listener sighs because of the absurdity of what is being stated Why do you sigh in this beastly way, somebody?(43.). As Marlow continues, the intermittent utterances regarding the readers involvement play a pivotal role in developing the contrast between darkness and light as Marlow nears the actual heart of darkness.    

slaverybel Treatment of Slaves in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay

Contrasting Treatment of Slaves in Beloved thraldom has always been a known as a relationship of one person entirely under the domination of another person. One of the horrific instances of thraldom took place in the Americas between the 15th and nineteenth centuries. During this time Europeans living in the New World enslaved Blacks from Africa. The White European enslaved some(prenominal) Blacks from Africa, but the grad that each original treated his slaves was different. This contrasting discourse of Slaves is portrayed in Toni Morrisons novel Beloved. The two masters in the book Mr. Garner and school teacher treat the same slaves very differently. Mr. Garner gives his slaves as much freedom as he sees fit. Conversely, Schoolteacher controls his slaves with an iron fist. The way that Schoolteacher manages his slaves is a top-notch way to control slaves because it is more up front. He gave his slaves a sense of identity, while Mr. Gardner deceived his slaves and provided them with a lack of identity. The first master, Mr. Garner was in charge of the farm called Sweet Home before the other master named Schoolteacher took over. Mr. Garner ruled his slaves without raising a fist. He was a seemingly polite master. He considered his Slaves men and allowed them to do things that most owners wouldnt. His slaves were allowed and encouraged to correct him, and even defy him (p.125). He allowed his slaves to buy a mother, choose a horse or a wife, handle guns, even learn to read if they cherished to (p.125). These atomic number 18 actions that a typical slave owner didnt allow. But Mr. Garner was not a typical slave owner. He was a noble man, and very pleased with the way he ran his farm and his slaves. Some writers even feel tha... ...eet Home. He recognize that he and the other slaves had all been isolated in a wonderful lie (p.221). He finally comes to the conclusion that life was really was not ameliorate under Mr. Garner. He was a slave both(pr enominal) under Mr. Garner and under Schoolteacher. The only difference is that under Schoolteacher he had an identity. There are many different ways a kind-hearted being can control another. During the 1800s slavery was a common practice in the southern states of the United States and throughout Latin America. During this time many Africans were enslaved. Most Africans lived their lives knowing that their purpose in life was to be slaves. Others lived their lives with a lack of identity, never real realizing their purpose in life and in doing so living a life of deception. Works CitedMorrison, Toni. Beloved. New York, Penguin Books USA Inc, 1988. slaverybel Treatment of Slaves in Toni Morrisons Beloved EssayContrasting Treatment of Slaves in Beloved Slavery has always been a known as a relationship of one person entirely under the domination of another person. One of the horrific instances of slavery took place in the Americas between the 15th and 19th centuri es. During this time Europeans living in the New World enslaved Blacks from Africa. The White European enslaved many Blacks from Africa, but the degree that each master treated his slaves was different. This contrasting treatment of Slaves is portrayed in Toni Morrisons novel Beloved. The two masters in the book Mr. Garner and Schoolteacher treat the same slaves very differently. Mr. Garner gives his slaves as much freedom as he sees fit. Conversely, Schoolteacher controls his slaves with an iron fist. The way that Schoolteacher manages his slaves is a superior way to control slaves because it is more up front. He gave his slaves a sense of identity, while Mr. Gardner deceived his slaves and provided them with a lack of identity. The first master, Mr. Garner was in charge of the farm called Sweet Home before the other master named Schoolteacher took over. Mr. Garner ruled his slaves without raising a fist. He was a seemingly polite master. He considered his Slaves men and allowed t hem to do things that most owners wouldnt. His slaves were allowed and encouraged to correct him, and even defy him (p.125). He allowed his slaves to buy a mother, choose a horse or a wife, handle guns, even learn to read if they wanted to (p.125). These are actions that a typical slave owner didnt allow. But Mr. Garner was not a typical slave owner. He was a proud man, and very pleased with the way he ran his farm and his slaves. Some writers even feel tha... ...eet Home. He realized that he and the other slaves had all been isolated in a wonderful lie (p.221). He finally comes to the conclusion that life was really was not better under Mr. Garner. He was a slave both under Mr. Garner and under Schoolteacher. The only difference is that under Schoolteacher he had an identity. There are many different ways a human being can control another. During the 1800s slavery was a common practice in the southern states of the United States and throughout Latin America. During this time many Africans were enslaved. Most Africans lived their lives knowing that their purpose in life was to be slaves. Others lived their lives with a lack of identity, never actually realizing their purpose in life and in doing so living a life of deception. Works CitedMorrison, Toni. Beloved. New York, Penguin Books USA Inc, 1988.

Othello: Emilia’s Metamorphosis Essay -- Othello essays

Othello genus Emilias Metamorphosis In his tragic play Othello, Shakespeare endows the minor character Emilia with virtually important functions. Her character, which changes dramatically in several ways toward the finale of the play, is the topic of this essay. A.C. Bradley, in his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, defines the character of the ancients wife Few of Shakespeares minor characters are more distinct than Emilia, and towards few do our feelings change so much within the course of the play. Till about to the end she frequently sets ones tooth on edge and at the end one is ready to wor enter her. She nowhere shows any sign of having a bad heart but she is common, sometimes vulgar, in minor matters far from scrupulous, blunt in perception and feeling, and quite destitute of imagination. She let Iago take the hankey though she knew how much its loss would distress Desdemona and she said nothing about it though she saw that Othello was jealous. (222) Emilia is not mentioned in the play until the initial fad of the first two scenes subsides. Brabantios rage, among other reasons, necessitate that Desdemona live with Iago and Emilia during the Moors campaign in Cyprus against the Turks. Later, while awaiting the arrival of Othellos ship at the seaport of Cyprus, Emilia is sharing the company of her husband and Desdemona. She shows herself mentally unfit to fight off the verbal attacks of Iago, which are demeaning to her her tongue she much bestows on me chides with thinking Bells in your parlors, wildcats in your kitchen / Saints in your injuries, devils being offended. So Desdemona intervenes on Emilias behalf with O, fie upon thee, slanderer dir... ... with Cassio (5.2) Then she accuses him of causing murder And your reports put one over set the murder on. Emilia is aware that she is violating social convention here Tis proper I obey him, but not now. This violation costs her dearly. Emilias stunning interrogation and convi ction of her own husband as the evil mastermind behind the murder results in Iagos killing her. She becomes a martyr for the cause of truth and justice. Quite suddenly she is transformed into a heroine of the play WORKS CITED Bayley, John. Shakespeare and Tragedy. Boston Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1981. Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York Penguin, 1991. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Sport :: Philosophy Philosophical Sports Essays

John Stuart manufacturing plant and the Ends of SportABSTRACT While his own preference may have been for an gentle book over an raise ballgame, John Stuart Mills distinction in Utilitarianism between higher and lower pleasures offers a useful framework for thinking about contemporary sport. This inaugural became apparent while teaching Utilitarianism to undergraduates, whose interest is often piqued by using Mills distinction to rank popular sports such as baseball, football game and basketball. This paper explores more seriously the relevance of Mills distinction for thinking about sport, focusing specifically on his claims about intellectual complexness and aesthetic value. It finds that while the distinction of higher and lower pleasures does support a hierarchy among sports, it remains problematic to assert that any sport could in incident constitute a genuine higher pleasure. Mill originally offered the distinction between higher and lower pleasures as a way of defending u tilitarianism against critics who plant it degrading. Because utilitarianism defines moral rightness solely as the net production of pleasure over pain, critics charged that it portrayed human felicitousness as no several(predicate) from the contentment of well-fed barnyard animals. To these critics, any moral theory that cast human life as having no end higher than the pursuit of pleasure was sure a doctrine worthy only of swine.(1) Mill countered that it was actually the critics of utilitarianism who degraded humanity, for they tacitly assumed that humans were capable of nothing more than animalistic pleasures. Mill maintained happiness is indeed a function of pleasure, although humans are capable of higher forms of pleasure than the other animals. Mill writesHuman beings have faculties more elevated than the animal appetites, and when once made conscious of them, do not regard anything as happiness which does not include their gratification.(2)True human happiness thus require s at least some exposure to activities that gratify the higher faculties of the human mind. And though the pleasure of such activity requires greater effort and flat some pain to realize, Mill considered it intrinsically superior to the relatively passive and animalistic pleasures obtained from satisfying ones hunger, thirst, or sexual desire. Thus, unlike Bentham, who thought that the pleasure obtained from interpreting one good poem could be equaled through playing many games of pushpin, Mills distinction is qualitative a higher pleasure can never be duplicated through the simple aggregation of lower pleasures. Mill posited three distinct sources of higher pleasure (1) acts involving intellectual complexity (2) acts engaging the aesthetic imagination and (3) acts engaging the moral sentiments.

John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Sport :: Philosophy Philosophical Sports Essays

John Stuart Mill and the Ends of SportABSTRACT While his own preference whitethorn have been for an engaging book over an exciting ballgame, John Stuart Mills peculiarity in Utilitarianism between higher and pass up joyousnesss offers a useful framework for thinking about contemporary sport. This first became apparent while teaching Utilitarianism to undergraduates, whose interest is often piqued by using Mills distinction to rank popular sports such as baseball, football and basketball. This paper explores more seriously the relevance of Mills distinction for thinking about sport, counsel specifically on his claims about quick-witted complexity and aesthetic value. It finds that while the distinction of higher and lower diversions does support a hierarchy among sports, it remains tough to assert that any sport could in fact constitute a genuine higher pleasure. Mill originally offered the distinction between higher and lower pleasures as a way of defending utilitarianism aga inst critics who found it degrading. Because utilitarianism defines moral rightness solely as the net production of pleasure over pain, critics charged that it pictured human felicity as no different from the contentment of well-fed barnyard animals. To these critics, any moral theory that cast human life as having no end higher than the pursuit of pleasure was surely a doctrine worthy only of swine.(1) Mill countered that it was actually the critics of utilitarianism who degraded humanity, for they tacitly assumed that adult male were capable of nothing more than animalistic pleasures. Mill maintained happiness is indeed a function of pleasure, although humans are capable of higher forms of pleasure than the other animals. Mill writesHuman beings have faculties more elevated than the animal appetites, and when once made conscious of them, do not regard anything as happiness which does not include their gratification.(2)True human happiness thus requires at least some exposure to activities that gratify the higher faculties of the human mind. And though the pleasure of such activity requires greater effort and even some pain to realize, Mill considered it intrinsically superior to the relatively passive and animalistic pleasures obtained from satisfying ones hunger, thirst, or sexual desire. Thus, unlike Bentham, who thought that the pleasure obtained from reading one good poem could be equaled through playing many games of pushpin, Mills distinction is qualitative a higher pleasure can never be duplicated through the simple aggregation of lower pleasures. Mill posited three distinct sources of higher pleasure (1) acts involving intellectual complexity (2) acts engaging the aesthetic imagination and (3) acts engaging the moral sentiments.

Krakatoa

Krakatau (Krakatoa) is said to have created the worst volcanic eruptions in history in May 1883. Ancient Krakatoa create in 419 AD and still exists today in Indonesia. That explosion in 1883 created 130 foot tsnamis which affects were felt by north and south America only along the Sundra Strait plain as far as England ,it also destroyed 130 coastal homes, two ports (Indonesia and Australia) , killed about 36,000 people and form a volcanic ash cloud that r individuallyed 17 miles high encasing the earth within 3 days.The eruption created very load explosions and was heard 3,000 miles from Java. Some people even believe the drop in temperature and spectacular sunsets over the next three years were directly caused by the eruption. Krakatoa erupted many times over its lifetime however the most historic and dangerous eruption occured on August 27 1883 when the volcano literally blew itself to bits destroying 75% of itself along with many people and animals living pricey coastlines of Australia and Indonesia.In 1988 Krakatoa erupted again in February and continued erupting finished to March 16 which was when small lava flows were reported flowing from the crater, it then continued through to April with continuous explosions and plumes of fire. November 12 1992 Krakatoa erupted again with such intensity it caused lava bombs to shoot out over the north coast and had lava flowing into the sea. In 1883 the eruption lasted from August 23 to 27,in 1988 explosive eruptions lasted February through to April and in 1992 the eruptions lasted the longest from 7 November 1992 through to August 14 1993.The 1992 eruption caused lava flows up to 1 kilometer to the north adding 100 meters to the coastline. New vents have formed due to the eruptions and these in turn have led to the creation of a new volcanic island which is known as Anuk Krakatoa (child of Krakatoa) the island is active and grows approximately 13cm each week. Krakatoa is still grumbling away today ready to expl ode, in fact the last eruption was in 2001. This concludes that it is still active and likely to blow its backsheesh off anytime.

How far, and why, did traditional Catholicism decline during the reign of Elizabeth?

Considering that on the accession of Elizabeth I the studyity of men and women in England and Wales were Catholic from the evidence of wills Protestant loyalty was limited to the south-east where even in that location it represented a minority and that by the end of the reign English universality had diminished to only one or two percent of the population, it is fair to say that the extent of the ancestry in traditional Catholicism was great.The reasons for this can be found by splitting the reign into three sequence peaks where the front and threat of Catholicism differ significantly. An interesting argument has arisen concerning the explanation of the decline of Catholicism. The historian J. Bossy argues that conservative gentry and clerical leadership did not produce any organized resistance to the 1559 settlement and instead allowed the laity to drift into residence by attending Protestant church services.He goes on to suggest that it was only the later arrival of the se minary non-Christian priests from Douai and the Jesuits that saved English Catholicism from complete extinction. some other historian C. Haigh counters this suggesting that Catholic survivalism was strong in the 1560s and that its demise can be attri stilled to strategic and logistical errors make by the seminary priests and the Jesuits. It is perhaps easier to agree with Bossy as during the 1560s many Catholics reluctantly accepted the new church, often be reason of a lack of strong leadership from the papacy.Pope Pius IV hoped to persuade Elizabeth to join the catholic bending and Philip II feared that if the queen was overthrown Mary Queen of Scots would succeed thus driving England into the arms of France. Also the penalties issued to Catholics under the terms of the 1559 settlement were deliberately made light in order to steer them away from attempted opposition. Indeed, the Catholic threat remained dormant during the 1560s and this decade can be seen as the first convictio n period where Catholicism was certainly on the defensive.However, it is a mistake to see the Catholics as completely inactive during this time. The Marian priests who stayed at their posts and had not been either confined or chosen to go into exile, did not conform meekly to Protestantism. Catholic rituals were kept alive within the parish church and accounts show that some churches retained their Catholic altars and priests continued to say masses for the dead. This survivalism remained strongest in the north and as bishops started to complain about the presence of church papists in their dioceses, the government became increasingly aware of the situation.However, to distract confrontation with the Catholics, Elizabeth preferred to utilize persuasion instead of punishment to deal with the problem. Thus action was only taken if individuals openly defied the law. This approach, which led Catholicism to exit throughout the 1560s, also ensured that the religion was blessed to even tual failure. Until 1569 when the Northern Rebellion broke out, few felt pressurised into recusancy and rebellion and therefore the Elizabethan regime had time to establish itself and win over conservative landowners.It is from 1568 onwards that the Catholic decline halted, and the government was alerted to a potential threat. The lack of any conspiracies or disturbances during the majority of the 1560s demonstrate a decline in the Catholic cartel but when continental influences began to halt this decline soon after, serious problems were created for the government. The year 1568 saw a major development which rapidly forced the government to reassess its policy towards Catholics.The arrival of Mary Queen of Scots, a woman with highly-powered contacts in the Catholic courts of Europe, presented an automatic decoct for both the plots of English and distant Catholics. Her presence in England was made especially explosive because she became a pawn in the intrigues of Spain a nation grown zealous with Englands continued heterodoxy, and also her military opposition in the West Indies and Netherlands. Indeed, each of the four main Catholic conspiracies against Elizabeth involved replacing her with Mary with the fear of a Spanish invasion force.Although no such force was to embark until 1588, to have Europes premier Catholic power and the strong-arm of the Counter-Reformation seeking to undermine the administration was profoundly worrying to Elizabeth. The Papacy provided another threat. Its equivocal stance of the 1560s could not withstand Elizabeths continued heterodoxy, and when Catholic passivity foiled the ascension of the Northern Earls in 1569 Pius V was stirred to issue the Bull Regnans in Excelsis in excommunicating Elizabeth and commanding her subjects not to obey her.In effect, it was now the duty of all good Catholics to repudiate the Queens authority, but in practice the general apathy and obedience of the Catholic community made an uprising again st Elizabeths authority unlikely. The real threat lay in that it gave foreign powers, most notably Spain, a papal license to threaten England thus it can be seen that the Papacy indirectly influenced the sending of the Armada in 1588.Incidents such as the Ridolfi Plot in 1571 where a Florentine merchant led a failed attempt to overthrow the Queen, and the Massacre of St Bartholomews day in 1572 where six thousand Protestants were murder in France show that the Catholics were capable of serious actions and that these incidents highlight that they were not in decline just yet. The final major Catholic threat were the missionary priests from William Allens seminary in Douai in the Netherlands. Though the priests were young English gentlemen they had continental training and had links with the Jesuits.Beginning in 1568, their secret preaching undoubtedly saved the Catholic faith from dying out among the gentry, but the threat they posed is harder to determine. They were not politically motivated and did not attempt to directly stir up a Catholic rebellion. It was hoped, however, that the introduction of the Jesuits in the 1580s would breed a new sense of zeal and fanaticism into the generally loyal and patriotic Catholic gentry, so that when a possibility came for a restoration of the old faith, enough of them would be prepared to sacrifice their layman obedience for spiritual belief.But the events of 1588 show how they failed in this aim, for, whilst the conspiracies and the Northern Rising had shown an increase in Catholic militancy, when the hoped-for rebellion of the Catholic community failed to materialise in response to the Armada, the English once again showed their reluctance to cause civil strife all the Catholic gentry families pledged their allegiance to the Queen. The majority of English Catholics were content to retain their beliefs in private, and the attempts by foreign-based missionaries to radicalise their loyalties was probably doomed to failure .However, one must not allow hindsight to make us dismiss the threat and presence of the Catholics simply because they failed to remove Elizabeth. Indeed the government became so perturbed during the 1570s and 1580s that they greatly tightened anti-Catholic legislation such as the increase in recusancy fines to twenty pounds a month and the treasonable offence of being a priest ordained beyond the seas. To Elizabeth, the plots, foreign threat and missionary activity provided a very real threat.So it is not untrue to say that for a period of twenty old age the Catholics remained a thorn in the side of Elizabeths reign and rather than declining the religion stayed put and caused the government problems. However, the decline did come and there is a third period that we must look at in order to highlight the extent of this defeat. A series of events in the 1590s occurred which certainly helped limit the Catholic threat and presence in the country and caused the religion to diminish to the one or two percent that were thought to have been left in 1603.As we have seen, there was loyalty towards Elizabeth shown by the Catholics in their lack of desire to support the Armada. Then in 1587 Mary Queen of Scots was executed due to her involvement in the Babington Plot the previous year. This death deprived the Catholics of a major focal point for their religion and her replacement was to be James VI, a protestant, which did not aid their cause either. Another death, that of the founder of the college for seminary priest William Allen, was also a problem, as now those priests who were attempting to inspire the Catholic community had no inspiration themselves.Indeed the priest allowed squabbles to develop in their midst which distracted them from their aim of mounting a united assault on Protestantism. There was also a rivalry amidst the secular priests and the Jesuits which surfaced most prominently in 1598 with the Archpriest Controversy. The argument occurred when the Pope agreed to appoint George Blackwell, an admirer of the Jesuit mission, to have authority over secular priests training in seminaries.The secular priests were outraged and determined to keep their independence appealed to the Pope against his appointment thus earning them the name the Appellants. Not only did this controversy envenom relationship it also uncovered important differences of principle among the priests. In conclusion it is hard to say that by the end of the reign the Catholics were not in decline and perhaps if it were not for the input of the seminary priests then the religion would have become nothing other than a superstitious ritual practiced only in backward communities.Apart from a period where they provided a sustained, yet exaggerated threat causing the government to rethink its policy, the Catholics were weaned from their faith by a slow exposure to Protestantism. Propaganda, persuasion and persecution made the Catholics (although some of the most committe d became recusants) drift into conformity. The decline of Catholicism was a steady but expected process.

Business Environment Essay

Recruitment and memory boardThe hold of recruit- There is been a new position arisen for Customer Service Executive in Buffs Supplies LTD. As now they restrain a website developed, there is a need of soul who flock brook the website effectively, and make a very just habit of the website to help the bloodline to whirl a substantially and ameliorated service of process for their customers.Job description- is there to provide a clear understanding of the prank details for the multitude who argon spillage to apply. It divulgelines the things that he/she result do during his/her employment and it outlines the things that employer wants from the employee. So that Job description should include the following* The job title/type* Position of the employee, who they pull up stakes tale to* The location* A summary of the jobs objectives,* Main purpose/duties/responsibilities* Pay levels, and some(prenominal) potential increase, benefits, uniform/dress code* Hours/ holi mea n solar sidereal days* How to apply and deadline for drillIve designed a job description document (please see attached document) for Buffs Supplies LTD to assist my manager.Person specification- gives a go against understanding of what kind of individual that certain smart set wants for the job, and to identify the crawl inledge, skills and ability to require to do the job as well as to fit indoors the company. It should include the following* educational/ efficacy- it is essential for professional jobs like lawyers, depictants as it is directly connected to their performance as well as they should crawl in what they should/ should be doing. If you dont know the law you rump non school as a lawyer, simple* Experience and training- you whitethorn need to be see to be commensurate to do a safe(p) job for your role and its probable for employers to specify length of time of arrest on their job description. A sincere thing of being contractd is you may non need a qu alification to do certain jobs if you argon experienced.* Personal interest/ attributes- its helpful for both parties to understand to each star other as it shows the requirement of commonwealths character for the job role. Persons interest may relate to the job role, for example if you be not comfortable with approaching to stranger, you may not be suitable for jobs like sales person who deals with customers face to face as part of their job role, if you enjoy talking to people you readiness enjoy the work and motivated to be at work, meaning that success result be a next for you.Ive designed a personalised specification with my job description for customer service executive.(Please see attached sheet)Different methods of advertising a jobThere are number of method that you can use to advertise your job vacancy arises. It helps the company to reach tar cash in wizs chipsed multitude of candi succession and it qualification too depend on the people who depart be your c andidate to choose where you would like advertise the job vacancy. First of all you depart need to get to a good job description to help the candidate what youre fonting for. Im passing game to write around different methods.1. essential Advertising- you can employ people within the physical composition instead of getting some one from outside. It mightiness be cost efficient as you might not have to pay for recruitment agency to advertise your job, when you can pose it on your companys website, employees board, send internal e- billets to everyone and evening allot it on companys face al-Quran page. It is useful because if someone wants to climb to the ladder, they can do so by applying for the job vacancy.2. Online- you can advertise it by online through job websites such as Monster, Job Centre website etc. Advantage of online advertising is you might be able to reach a lot of people and they can search by location, industry or job titles they wish to apply.3. Recruitme nt Agency- you can also advertise it through these agencies with a small charge. They exit advertise the job, peradventure create the job description according to the company needs and asses the applicants to ensure they meet the minimum requirements. It might be useful for them if the company needs a provide urgently they can promptly find someone to c over as they have a much of member who are seeking for jobs. they also4. Newspapers- this is a offline choice you can advertise it on a local newspapers to let the local know about the job vacancy.Importance of staff retentionI value recruiting a new staff is an expensive, because you go forth have to advertise the job, do the search on the applications, interview them individually and also once you got the right candidate you will have to train them from the start pointing every single ardor points etc. preferably of going through all these you can try to retain the staffs you already has so that person is already know the companys style and people so it will be easier for him to work/deal with things. It is good for the company image and reputation to promote people within the validation. If someone got employd and leaves later on a month It will cause a problem, because they will have to do the recruitment process all over again and spend bullion to recruit the person will be a waste. Existing staff might be overworked so it will clue to unhappy employees and they will not perform their opera hat as theyre tired of long hours and covering for someone else.However, businesses can invalidate this situation by retaining staff as if the person stayed within the organisation and got promoted it is likely for the person to stay bimestrial and work much harder as he will feel he is achieved something after working for the company.Ways of improving staff retention prescribeBusinesses calculate to see how long their staffs are tending to stay with the company using the following formula. tot up o f staff leaving a year 100Average number of staff employed that yearThis formula helps them to identify any problem so that Human Re function can act on it to research what is going on by preparing surveys for staffs to complete or organise an uncovered meeting with their staffs to know exactly what is going on, what is that they are happy and not happy with, so that they can act on it straight away.Reason to have high rate this is when employees are not happy with the work they do, or the environment they work with, or even the management they are working for. It could be anything to be not happy as human expectation is increasing with the technology. However, employers should provide the right facility with the right motivation to keep the employers happy and juice them effectively.Ways to avoid these situations to improve the rate you can do all sorts of things like screening them that they (employer) really care about them by listening to what they have to say, support them w ith their life, or organise some outside work events like weekend bowling competition to help them work closely with each other. Make the work sic more challenging by doing competition with a price, a little investment wont bring quite a little the company, in that way work place might be more interesting and staff will perform better. Motivation is a key thing to get a better out of the staff and keep them within the business as well.b) Describe principal(prenominal) employability, interpersonal and personal skills required by the new customer service executive.Organisations often look for people who are skilled or experienced so that it will be easier for both parties, from the employers view it helps them to replace the worker quickly and it may save some money as there might not need of training for example if he is trained as introductory aider, and the job requires to have a qualification the company does not have to train the staff who already has the qualification for it , from the employees part of view it might be easier for him to do the job and as he is experienced he will have an idea of what he is expected to do, and will be paid as a wide-cut employee, I mean some organisations pay lower wage for those who are not experienced enough.Employability skills this is the basic skills that are needed to get, keep, and do the job. It is necessary for the candidate to have or association these skills as it can be transferable during the employment as they go up the ladder in a modernised environment. It includes the following1. Qualification/ Previous experience in similar role and industryYou may not need any qualification for some profession, but you will need your GCSE or NVQ qualification for some job roles for example if you are seeking to work as waitress as such, you may even not need any qualification as long as you are experienced enough or maybe your employer will provide a full training to do the job. However, for professions like accoun tant and lawyer or higher(prenominal) positioned job role which requires specialised skills/ qualification, you will definitely need not unaccompanied GCSE but at least a Bachelors Degree to be considered in your application. According to my study book Im on the right track to develop and educate myself further.Having an experience in similar role is evermore a bonus for employers and it is more likely for employers to consider those who are experienced and it is important that you mention it on your CV or letter indicating that you have worked in this role before. However, previous experience in similar industry is very beneficial for the employer, because they can get information about their competitors as well as an idea of how they worked to be more effective so that they can walk in a same level of their crowd. For example when I applied for a job in blight Ramsden, Ive put on m CV that I used to work in McDonalds, so I knew that I would definitely be invited for an intervi ew so I did, on my interview they asked me that how McDonalds motivate their workers to stay with the business longer as I worked there for quite long time, I give tongue to to the lady that if you hire me Ill tell you how they did it, and she smiled at me and wel come aboard It shows that it is useful for the candidates as well as the business.2. Knowledge of product/servicesThis is one of the must have knowledge. For example you will obviously need to know about your product if you are a sales person, you should have a good knowledge of what you are going to sell. If you dont know of your product, you cant possibly persuade to sell it to different person.3. Effectiveness in meeting personal and team targetsAs every business work towards achieving their aims and objectives, you must be able to meet targets to do so in the first place. You should all the way indicate if you have met any previous targets during your previous employment and any achievement, improvement you have set as a target for yourself past years, showing that to an employer will help you to get the job and it shows/proves that you are able to meet targets because of your previous achievement.4. Ability to observe and raise professional standardsThere is a refer I know from my land it says if you work your hands hard, your mouth will also work hard, which means if you work hard, you will be able to ply yourself, same as that if you work hard and have a great military position towards you work then you might get a reward/promotion. In business you are a professional, so you have to be professional to people taken be considered seriously and every organisation have a set of standard which you should meet.Personal skills Everyone have their own character and attitude from their baby birdhood. It might be difficult for some to change that in a day because of the job you are doing, but for some it doesnt matter as you can learn them from others or on your own. Basically if you have the rig ht attitude that the employer wants, it will attract the employer towards you as you are the right candidate for the job. For example if you are a kind, understanding, a good listener and most importantly unhurried and calm, then you are suitable for jobs like carer or consultant as the job itself requires you to be calm and a good listener as you will be hearing all kind of things and dealing with the public.A personal skill requires you to have the following1. Patient and hard workingPatient is a very difficult thing that human being can face in difficult situations. I would consider a person who is very forbearing is a very calm and collective person.For some jobs you will have to be patient and calm at all times, if you can do that employers are very like to keep them as it is difficult to find these kind of people in our society and I believe making your business in(predicate) is hard work and them patient. I mean you work very hard to build your business, and it might not b e success as you want it to be, so you will have to be patient to drink the juice of your fruit you plant.2. Team workAbility to working as a team or a part of a team is essential for you and for your employer. If you are a peoples person/ easy to get along with people you might/can be a good team player as it is all about communicating and understanding each and everyone one of the team players. Employers will always look for a people who can work with the team as if you have a say of different people you can get the work done quickly and more effectively, because the things you dont know, the other people might know so it is better for more brain than only one.Interpersonal skills this is the skill that how you approach or deal with people and also how well you communicate with others.Customer Service ExecutiveEmployee SkillsPersonal SkillsInterpersonal Skills* practiced written and spoken skills* Good IT knowledge* Previous experience in customer focused environment** A good tea m player* chore solving* Hard working* Friendly* Professional** An excellent communicator* Good with people*c) Assess the importance of employability, interpersonal and personal skills in the recruitment and retention of staff in a selected organisation.Ive chosen The Manchester College to assess in this task I think The Manchester College is the largest college in Manchester and in the UK.It is important for the college to consider employability and personal skills when recruiting staff as it is an educational institution, I believe the teachers should be educated as a teacher and also the subject of their own to give their students the best knowledge possible. If the college needs to hire a new staff they should consider to hire experienced staff to save that money to put towards the existing staff training, bonus for those who worked overtime during the recruitment process, so that people get rewarded after the hard work theyve done for their organisation, in doing that college manages to keep their staff happy, that means it is likely for them to stay within the organisation longer.To work more efficient college can carry out a skill auditing to identify the skill gap within the organisation and decide whether to hire new staff or train their existing staff. Communication is the key skill that college needs to have to be able to understand their student and their needs, so it is essential for their staff to have strong communication skills in written and verbally as it is a large organisation people will need to communicate in writing. Employees of the college should be presented and act in a professional manner, so that student and teachers will be look separately.Employability skills will be required for teachers as they have to be qualified in certain areas, whereas administrator of the college will not need to have a qualification if she/he is experienced enough.Task 2a) Select an organisation and describe the main physical and technological re ejacul ates that are involved in the racetrack of your selected business.Physical resources this is the things that business can use to run their day to day activities includes machinery, buildings and facilities.For my chosen organisation The Manchester College, it is very important for them to use all the resources to run effectively. They are number of main physical resources which needs them to run the business.1. Building and FacilityBuilding of your business may play an important role as you might not think, it is very important for businesses to have to well presentable building as it is effective in many different way. For example in my country there is a bank called Coin and the building is round and gold coloured. Anyone who saw that building will know it is a bank and will go straight to it as it is located near the airport, foreigners will have to get their money changed before they take a taxi etc. I think the prettiest campus of The Manchester College is Openshaw and it has a lots of facilities that is in stock(predicate) for students and staffs to use such as IT suites for multimedia students, an award winning training restaurant, workshop for construction, engineering and electrical students, hair and beauty salons etc. I think the facilities that are available for student and staffs are amazing and it will be very useful for students to use these to improve their knowledge on things that they are studying.2. Materials and wasteThe need of materials will depend on the business type as they all use different things. For my chosen organisation they are likely to use papers, computers, printers, pen, pencil, projectors and all sorts of office equipment as they are small teachers offices. Businesses should keep a close eye on what they waste, if you do that it will help them to cut costs and work more environmentally friendly.3. Plant, machinery and equipmentBusinesses spend thousands of pounds on equipment and machineries to work more quickly and eff icient. It is essential for them to have them and an up to date one as it helps the business run smoothly. For example teachers at The Manchester College use projectors to make it more easier for students to read or see what the teacher is teaching, and we have a library with computers which students and staffs can use to do their work.4. Security, insurance and emergency provisionI believe The Manchester College follows the Health and Safety act as Ive seen the fire exits and there were . Also they must have the policies and provisions if there is an event of fire, there must be a staff who are trained to lead the way or make way for people in that event to keep them calm and put them in the right direction, and the people who have come to study/work to the college should have had a training or at least shown the fire exits or false get down to see if the fire alarm works and to people know what to do in that event. All the building must have insurance against things like this to ensure the building and the employee/customers are protected, so that in any case of accident the insurance company will pay for the person who is injured or pay money to the persons family in the event of death.Technological resources- are not only computers and printers which can be treated as physical resources. There are four main areas1. Intellectual propertyThis is the right to own ideas and have a right to concerning what happens to them, if the one of the staff has new idea that no one has the business can protect it from others to use it so that business will only benefit from this idea to make more profit or attract more people. For my college if one of the teacher/ advisor got a new idea of having a nursery on site which can be paid by day and any student/employee can give their child it would be a good and new idea as it enables students with children to study/work and easy to bring her child to the place they study/work, and the business protected it, only The Mancheste r College can use this idea to bring in more students.2. Accumulated experience and skillsThis is an experience gained over a number of years when a person has come across lots of different issues to do with the job. There is a good side and not so good side by keeping employers for a very long time. Of course, it will be worth if the employee is the brilliant one, if so the level of experience will grow. Not so good side is if it the experienced staff is not handled carefully, it may result that you will have to pay more for them or give them a special condition whereas you can hire a new staff with the same or higher skills and pay low wages. For my college I think the employees are likely to stay longer and I think teachers are feel privileged when the student comes back to her/him to show what they have got out of their education that is gained from the teacher and college.3. Software licences, patents and copyrightI believe The Manchester College bought a license from Microsoft to use their Microsoft Office Pack as it will cost them cheaper than purchase it individually and install them on computers which they have a hundreds and thousands of them. So it is enabling them to use it unlimited with a one off payment. Often it is allowed for businesses to do so, not for single person/public. Patents and copyright has always been tricky to protect or should I say difficult to prove the person who stole it, because people may copy the whole idea and change the name of it to pt it on the market, so apparently it is different as it has a different name and maybe slightly different, but if people see it they wont even recognise or know the difference. I remember one girl was sell a hoody with the logo of the college without permission from the college back home, so the college found out and they fined her parents as she was not an adult herself.b) Explain how the management of human, physical and technological resources can improve the performance of your select ed organisation.Human ResourcesEvery activity is carried put by human at The Manchester College and other businesses, so it is essential for businesses to have the right source of people to work towards their main aims and objectives. They must improve/ update their Human Resources to work effectively. I believe that my college try to manage its human resource at the level of standard as the best to provide the better time to come and education for us the students, considering the highly professional staff they have in my college, they hire the best possible staffs with ability and interest to care for students, so that staff will have better understanding of what students needs, also they train their staff consequently with the new technologys or hire new staffs who have new skill which can be introduced to the other staff. To do those things there is segment especially designed to do that job.Their main job role is to manage and control the employees in the college, meaning hiri ng a new staff, train the existing ones to improve their employers ability to have the best source of employees. To manage its staff successfully the college tries to keep the existing staff as it is beneficial for the college as longer the staff stays, college wont have to advertise jobs and train them which costs money for them to do that, instead of spending money on new person who is starting as an entry level, the company invest in their people who have stayed with them on the long run so that the employee will feel that they perish there and work more harder.Team work is always important for organisations like Manchester College as it is very large organisation and everyone have to work as a whole to get the work done, to improve team performance organisation do things like group activity, staff meeting and staff day out to make them closer so that they work with each other more comfortably, if they work closely the organisation will benefit from the use of full staff perform ance and things will go quicker and smoother, so that they can move forward to their next objective.Physical ResourceIf the college have a good facility for students, it can attract more students and people would be looking to work for them as basic standard of facility needs to meet and higher would be an advantage. It also important for them to use these facilities with its full use and keeping them up to date as the things are developing very fast and things are getting out of fashion quickly. For example if the student had learned Microsoft Office 2003 in their IT class by the time they finish their studies and find work would be 2007 and he might struggle if the new employer has the newer version and he doesnt know how to use it properly even though it is similar to the older version, he will not get the all the benefit that the software is offering.Technological ResourceAs the college uses a lot of paperwork and papers, it is crucial to save them as they need to be used for ha rd evidence, however I would like to suggest that teachers can send their assignment brief to student e-mails which college have provided for them it saves the trees and we are going to be use the e-mail which is one of the facility college improved last year and I think we are not making a full use of it and it feels it might be waste of money to have e-mail address and not using it, to motivate students to use their e-mail college can put their names instead of student number which will look more real and nice, and not allow to have an access to any other mail service in the library so that student have no choice but to use it properly. If we can do that we will reduce the use of papers and use the facility which we dont use.Task 3a) Describe the sources of internal and orthogonal finance, available to Barneys business.There are 2 main ways that business can access fiscal resources1. Internal sources ( within the business)This is the money you can get within the businessOwners s avings- I believe Barney has some money for himself if he is thinking to start a new business, because its the owners who are often invest in their company to cover the setting up costs. It might be the only source they available immediately for them as for sole traders like Barney, banks or other financial institution unlikely to offer a loan as there is too much risk involved, and if you have that kind of money it is really good for the business as you will not have to pay it back by monthly or pay an interest.Capital from profit- this will become available after the business set up and operating. Once they have run for certain time, they may make some profit to invest into the business to run or buy more stock or buy new machinery to grow the business2. External sources (outside the business)There are number of different external sources that business can get money from to help them to set up or invest in.Banks- they can offer loans, overdrafts and business account to businesses but you will have to have a good business plan to get it. Loans are not easy to get and might not be a good option for small business as you must pay it back with interest in certain amount of time and if the company goes down the owner will end up with huge debt. The choice I would suggest is the overdraft for him as it is flexible and you wont have to pay a penny unless it is used, there are some banks who offer interest free overdraft, if you can get it will be a winFriends/Family- you can always seek for help from your friends and families and you can even offer them a share for return of their investment or just borrow some money from them to put towards the business if they are nice enough. I would say it is the best option of borrowing money as you dont pay interest and it is your family they will not give you to court unless you run with their money.Government grants- these are available from the EU, national/local government. A grant is money you can receive as a business m an a good thing about it is that you dont have to pay it back. If Barney falls under the age group of 18-30 he can get a low interest loan from Princes Trust.Task 4(a) The purpose of budgets, and how they can be used to supervise and control the performance of Barneys business, including, the monitoring of existent performance against budget and the use of variance analysis.Budget is a written plan with spending which will occur and a revenue that is need in the future day to cover these costs. The purpose of it is it gives you clear understanding of what to expect to spend/receive in the future (coming year) to prevent or act any crisis before it happens. It also can be used as a communication between the employees to understand the objectives of the business and work towards it. For owners they can see how well their managers managing the budget plan and performance of them.Budgetary control1. Set objective for BarneyObjective for Barney could look like this* Do a business rela ted course* Get information on government grants* Find any other fund that is available to him2. Set a plan to how to achieve these objectivesHe can start of with* Do a year course in business related or hair styling course to have a better understanding of how business operate* Design business plan to show it to the banks and to apply for government grants* Get sack from people who are in the same business as his to find out what needs to be done orderly* Do an online research on advise and support from government websites to collect necessary documents to apply for government grant* Hire someone to do research on the market things like where to open the salon, and what kind of people lives in the area, and what is the average income for people in that area to help to set a price etc.3. Prepare the planYou should nurture a budget plan to attach it with your business plan to show how much is going to cost what and how you can manage to pay for it etc and you should compare it with the actual figure to analyse the situation of what has gone wrong or right and then you can take some action to prevent it in the future and more experienced on the next budgeting.Task 5a) Study the contents of the profit and loss account and balance sheet for Wansbeck Motors Ltd and give an account of the worthiness of the business by explaining the purpose of each element.Purpose of balance sheet- is important as it shows the value of the business.* Assets things that business own* Liabilities ( debts a business owns)* rightfulness (the amount invested in the business)Purpose of profit and loss account- it shows how much money business making and how much money they are losing and you can identify it by looking at the profit and loss account to do something about it.

Balanced Scorecard approach at the Heathrow Airport Essay

Balanced scorecard is an avenue that is used to gauge performance management. This manner was developed by some students from Harvard it came about as a realization that many businesses relied mostly on fiscal measures for management purposes. (Effective performance with the equilibrate scorecard, n.d )Terminal five was a big shed which needed great involvement both in terms of manpower but also in regard to resources. The size of the project contributed a chew of hiccups from time to time and great care needed to be taken in order to ensure the project ended well. The aggroup in smasher deemed it fit to utilize the balanced score card method to carry out the project to its completion.The project was almost a landmark due to its clean size and it was recognized in the country as an achievement. The terminal takes care of a large number of users any time throughout any tending(p) year. The airport has received accolades as one of the best constructed terminals in the globe. Th ere is a transit system set up that links the terminal to close mannikinings. The control tower in the building is more than seventy meters long. The project personify more than three billion pounds. The terminal was as a leave of efforts by British Airport way and British Airways. The project involved more than forty thousand deal including both the workers and the team managing it. The contract to build it had been awarded to a group of highly ranked contractors.What did the project target to achieve?High goals were set for the project, style and feature was one of the reasons of developing the esteemed project. The contractors wanted to build a luxurious terminal that combined elegance with safety features. The building had to fulfill the building codes despite its magnitude this was one of the headaches the contractors found themselves wrestle with for the better part of the duration. The other issue was to ensure the project lives up to its expectations that is fulfill ing its mandate of service delivery at the swiftest time possible. (Customer Perspective, n.d.)Several agreements had to be signed among various service providers so as to smooth the processes of work as well as to avoid stalling time proved to be a scarce commodity for the execution of this project. Service providers were divided in to various integrated teams which were closely monitored for quality assurance purposes. British Airport Authority looked through various projects undertaken by numerous contractors in order to try and look into limitations the project may have encountered.The score card method helped the team that was in charge of the project to link tasks to ease supervision and create a flawless work schedule. Processes were achieved in an easier manner also social occasions had to match their allocated financial budgets. Results were analyzed at every stage of the project to ascertain the outcomes achieved in relation to the timelines set. (Effective performance wi th the balanced scorecard, n.d )Under the score card method procedures need to succeed in a number of ways purpose, measurement and its application. Projects world over have to be carried out in tested methodologies this helps people the hazards that may arise from utilizing unsure practices in construction and financial management.Vetting had to be carried for individuals in the management team so as to achieve accountability and intelligent stewardship. The working structure was made in such a way that each team member got himself or herself accountable to the team assigned to. capital of New Hampshire made for the project as well as the rigid quality structure contributed to the success of the project under the score card method. The four-tier approach for quality check helped to enhance involvement of all who took part. Quality had been a strict condition set up by this procedure good communication bring help in achieving desired results. (Practitioners guide to a balanced sc orecard, n.d)Leadership mattered greatly to deliver success of the project. The leadership team had good coordination with their service providers their seasonably supervision and ensuring check and balances were achieved. Suppliers also upped their game by delivering top notch products to ensure the best outcome. (Effective performance with the balanced scorecard, n.d )Behavioral change was some other factor that came to the aid of the project the level of interaction among the people involved was great because everybody worked well as a team. Experts were consulted at regular intervals to ensure procedure was duly followed. Trainings were fostered alongside best practices in quality management and practice. Trainings also acted as further team bonding sessions, they knew a strong united team is best able to deliver success. (Practitioners guide to a balanced scorecard, n.d)Project phases were checked on frequent durations monthly basis and recorded under the balanced score card process. Color codes were used to make indication concerning status of set targets. Project leaders and the contractors were given an upper hand in decision making but subject to consultations.What were some of the lessons drawn or passed on from the project?Projects need to have indicative measures put in place. Processes have to be made in such a way that validating them becomes easier and processes that are found to be invalid be scrapped. Non-conformance reports should be accompanied by records of cost estimation. The project was a culmination of procedures advocated by the score card method information from developments gave the stakeholders the psyche to pull through.ReferencesRetrieved from http//www.epmreview.com/resources/articles/item/85-customer-perspective.htmlRetrieved fromhttp//www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/Tech_rept_Effective_Performance_Mgt_with_Balanced_Scd_July_2005.pdfRetrieved fromhttp//www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/Thought_leadership_docs/tech_r esrep_a_practitioners_guide_to_the_balanced_scorecard_2005.pdfSource document

Global Financial Institutions Essay

This paper briefly presents the role of global financial institutions, such as the International monetary Fund, the World coin bank, and Asian increment money box in the global financing and examines briefly their influence on reciprocation rate. International Monetary Fund (IMF) Established in 1944, the IMF has a main office in Washington DC. , employs 2,596 staff from 146 countries, and is owned and financed by 185 member countries (IMF, 2008).Its main task is to ensure the stability of the international monetary systemthe system of modify rates and international payments that enables countries to buy goods and services from each other (IMF, 2008). To maintain stability in the international monetary system, it offers (1) advice on appropriate social and scotch policies, (2) financing to help member countries cope with balance of payments problems when foreign exchange payments exceed foreign exchange earnings, and (3) technical assistance and training to build call for exp ertise and institutions to attain economic growth (IMF, 2006).To maintain exchange rate stability, member countries prior to 1971 pegged their exchange rates that could only be adjusted with the IMFs agreement. Since 1971, member countries can freely select any type of exchange rate arrangement allowing the currency to float freely pegging it to another currency or a basket of currencies adopting the currency of another country or participating in a currency bloc (IMF, 2006). The World Bank (the Bank) The Bank, established in 1944, has a headquarters in Washington DC with more than 100 country offices, and employs about 10,000 staff.It is owned and financed by 187 member countries (World Bank, 2008). The Bank is made up of two development institutions the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and (2) the International Development Association (IDA). Each institution has a role in achieving the Banks mission of reducing global poverty and improving living stand ards. The IBRD is responsible for middle income poor countries, while IDA caters to the needs of the poorest countries in the serviceman.Both provide interest-free credit and grants, and low-interest loans to developing countries for infrastructure, health, education, communications, and other purposes (World Bank, 2008). The Bank provides local salute financing for projects in non-CFP borrowing countries with clear indirect foreign costs and if a unique(predicate) project has too little foreign exchange cost to permit the Bank to achieve its project objectives by foreign exchange financing alone (World Bank, 2007). It also has a project preparation facility that finances foreign exchange costs (World Bank, 2007). Asian Development Bank (ADB)Established in 1966, ADB has a headquarters in Manila with 26 country offices, and employs more than 2,400 staff. It is owned and financed by 67 members with 48 members from the region and other members from other parts of the world (ADB, 20 08). As an international development finance institution, it helps its developing member countries reduce poverty and enhance peoples quality of life. It provides assistance to the public vault of heaven through grants, low-interest loans, advice, and knowledge as well as to private enterprises through loans, guarantees, and equity investments (ADB, 2008).In making direct loans, ADB assumes the foreign exchange risks involved in private sector operations, but not in public sector lending. To address the foreign exchange risks (e. g. , foreign exchange fluctuations between loan sanctioned amount and disbursement), ADB introduced the LIBOR-based loan, which allows borrowing countries to match the procurement currencies with loan denomination currencies, or convert the loan denomination currencies at any time to match the tax denomination currencies (ADB, 2004).ADB may also provide financing to meet the indirect foreign exchange cost of items procured in local currency for ADB-financ ed projects with foreign exchange costs (ADB, 2003).References Asian Development Bank (2008). About ADB. Retrieved June 16, 2008, from http//www. adb. org/About/default. asp. Asian Development Bank (2004, July 1). Foreign exchange risk. Retrieved June 16, 2008, from http//www. adb. org/Documents/Manuals/Operations/OMH07_1apr04. pdf.Asian Development Bank (2003, October 29). Financing indirect foreign exchange cost of projects. Retrieved June 16, 2008, from http//www. adb. org/Documents/Manuals/Operations/OMH07_1apr04. pdf. International Monetary Fund (2008, May). IMF at a glance. Retrieved June 12, 2008, from http//www. imf. org/external/np/exr/facts/glance. htm. International Monetary Fund (2006, September 30). What is IMF? Retrieved June 12, 2008, from http//www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/exrp/what.htm/. The World Bank (2008). About us. Retrieved June 16, 2008, from http//web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/0,,pagePK50004410piPK36602theSitePK29708,00. html The World Ban k (2007, March 23). Specific expenditure eligibility and cost sharing requirements for investment projects in countries without approved country financing parameters. Retrieved June 16, 2008, from http//wbln0018. worldbank. org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual. nsf/22b87a45c65c

In this chapter the writer uses the setting of the chapter to explain the feeling of all the main characters Essay

In this chapter the writer uses the setting of the chapter to explain the feeling of all the main characters. When we first meet the family they atomic number 18 walking down a road which is all dirty and surrounded by dirt. The disposition around them is last out or rotting. This we end contribute to both characters feeling Micheal feels uniform his marriage spoiled or ruined his chance of a good life or any fortunes. Whereas Susan feels like she is dying or has died in Micheals heart since he is ready to sell her like he wouldve sold a horse in an auction. Hardy uses nature many magazines in this chapter. At one cartridge clip when Micheal is auctioning Susan we atomic number 18 told that a sparrow flies in and everyone watches the sparrow till it disappears. This could in accompaniment be showing us Susans position. Everyone watches her till she is able to go out of the tent with Newson the sailor.Hardy uses a lot of contrast to show the readers Micheals devil fonts, in this chapter. In the last chapter we saw Micheal in his drunken state which was his dark side. We saw his greed and bad temper. In chapter 2 though we actualise Micheal when he is sober and when he finds out what he has done. He shows determination in finding his wife and organises responsibility, however even in this chapter we see Micheals bad side when he blames Susan for being simple minded enough to think the auction was binding. alike we see his negative points when he is too high-minded of himself to tell volume why he is searching for his wife. We directly a authority see that these two sides of Micheals volition be a big(p) factor in this book.In this chapter Hardy relives the walk to Weydon-Priors. Only this time the people walking are in a more loving situation. Also there are two women. The women obviously feel love for apiece other because they are holding each others hands. The fact that they are both wearing black gowns unfeigned outdoor(a) gives us an ide a of why these two women have come patronise this way. Also this is the first time we see Elizabeth- Jane in her grown up state and we see that she is brought up as a very nice girl. Although we see straight forth that she is brought up in a rich lifestyle when she tells her fret that the infirmity tent isnt respectable. At this point e see for the first time that Hardy adds suspence when he decides to bring Susan stern to Micheal. The reader wonders why Susan is so determined to meet him. He main question is why ahs Susan never told Elizabeth when she is old enough to know.Casterbridge is described in great detail and because Hardy has a gift for description we can almost see the town come to life. We also find that the town is eager to transmit gossip when two women willingly tell Susan to the highest degree the gossip of the bread and the town. We can see from detailed point that the public will be a very important point in the book. Micheal also reveals his caring point w hen he tells the towns people that the wheat is not really safe to eat. We also se that Micheal is true to his oath not to drink, when in his meeting he only drinks water. Near the end of the meeting we see the Angry Micheal side when he makes a sharp retort.We see a description of Farfrae and immediately we can tell that he is the total opposite of Henchard. Both in looks and we think in personality. Also through the names of the pubs and inns we can see that peradventure Hardy is try to make a point. When they go to the three mariners then Hardy could be trying to swear that they are among the waves of chance. The fact that chance plays a big role in this novel and especially in this chapter. Its by chance that Farfrae hears about the corn and has the solution or that Elizabeth-Jane notices him and that they all stay at the three mariners. Also the way Michael misses his family by a few minutes on his way to see the man. We can assume that Hardy is proving the powers working ag ainst mankind in this chapter.In this chapter we see little irony when Elizabeth-Jane says that they must stay at the enter inn yet then gets a job as a serving maid which is not too respectable it self. While we can say that Elizabeth-Jane is making sacrifices for her mother, we can still remember that the towns people have seen Elizabeth serving them and they will remember her face later on. Also in this chapter we pity Michael when we learn that he is lonely and we guess that what he wants is a business partner or a friend. Farfrae is straight away the person that comes to mind. though again we see a bit of fickleness in Michaels attitude when he cannot even remember the old mangers name.Farfrae then decides to sing fro the towns people and its by chance that the people are in the mood for his sad songs and Elizabeth-Jane who has been eyeing him, has her heart set on him. When the townspeople talk to Farfrae we know straight away that he has the ability to charm people and when he sings he is charmed them further. We can assume that the reason that the townspeople like the sad songs is because they feel like the story of the song represents them in a way, with their lost ideals. We can even see a bit of this in Micheal himself. Also Elizabeth-Jane misinterprets the songs that Farfrae sings and when her mother says he Elizabeth assumes its about Farfrae. These misunderstandings prove to be a problem later on.In the beside chapter wee that both Susan and Micheal have to turn towards the younger generation to deport themselves. Susan saves her marriage by sending Elizabeth-Jane with the note to Micheal and Micheal saves his business by begging Farfrae to say on as manager. When Elizabeth-Jane takes the walk through the town it creates a time of suspense because it is stalling the meeting between Micheal and Susan and it cuts the conversation between Micheal and Farfrae. Mostly though it shows us just how much power Micheal ahs in his town socially and busin ess wise.Again we see a contrast between Michaels sides when at first he acts kindly towards Elizabeth-Jane, when he learns who she is. Also when he sends back Susan five guineas we feel that he is almost trying to buy her back since five guineas are how much was paid for her before. Yet we see his cold side again when he coldly turns down Joshua Jopp about his interview and he has created a new enemy at the same time. Later also Micheal explodes on Elizabeth-Jane and cannot even calm himself down. Also in this chapter we see a proud side of Michael when he asks to see Susan in a secret place and will not see her in public incase they might be seen and found out. Slowly we will see this part of his attitude be a big part of his downfall.In the next chapter when Micheal has asked to see Susan in the ring and we get the description of the place it automatically sets a place for something negative to take place. Almost a place where nothing positive can happen. Hardy backs this himself by saying, the boys cannot make this a good cricket field. This ring is maybe meant to show Hardys life in a way that Hardy is known for his architecture and his liking to the Greek mythology in a way. The globosity representing the coliseum and the positiveness being kept away by ghosts of the past like the killed gladiator or the woman who was strangled. This is like a metaphor in a way to their relationship. Micheal will fall in battle and his control is so tight on Susan it might almost be strangling her.The next chapter gives us an idea of our speculation is chapter 3 about another woman in Micheals life. We learn that this woman is infact living in jersey. We already know that when a person is included in Hardys plots he is never easily forgotten so when we hear about this woman we straight away know she will affect the plot. Again this chapter reveals a lot when Micheal reveals to his best friend that he is very lonely and would like a friend. We guess straight away that h e ahs also made a mistake when he reveals his whole past to someone he has only known for a day. He tells Farfrae everything and doesnt think of any consequences that could later occur.We see Farfrae first ability in this chapter after he handles his position very well with his new boss. regular though he has plans to eat alone he decides to dine with Micheal and when he is asked about help on how to handle his problem with the lady in Jersey he gives an answer that could start the first sign of discord between the two people. He tells Micheal that he should firstly tell Elizabeth-Jane the truth about her mother and father and he disagrees and gets rather angry. Yet he forgets that it was him who in the first place told him about all his past secrets.In this chapter we finally see Micheal openly court Susan and then propose to her. Even though this should be good new the whole chapter caries ill will which is mostly carried by the townspeople. We can maybe use the natures reaction to show out the feelings of Micheal and Susan. When the two enter the church to get married it is raining quite disadvantageously and it is very dark almost showing how the two really feel about each other. Hardy uses these nature effects to show the reader how the two feel about each either. By hiding the meaning of the nature effects it almost showing that the two have hidden their feelings about each other. The townspeople also add most of the uneasiness. They dont actually know the secret about the wedding but they have an idea that something is not right. They immediately feel that Susan is not at the same class as Micheal which is ironic because Michael is the one with the worst background out of the two.In this chapter we know for sure that something about Elizabeth-Jane is being hidden because not only does Micheal keep going on about her hair colour but he starts asking her to diversify her second name. Also we find out that Micheal maybe getting rather annoyed with Farf rae when he gets angry at little things that Farfrae says. At one time he even dismisses Farfraes opinion by saying dont take too much thought about things. Also since Elizabeth-Jane has started growing in her new place she starts to bloom a certain beauty. Yet she still remembers her old lifes

Palmolive Case Analysis

PMPC BA 115 A Case Title Palmolive Naturals wash Connecting with the Consumers Point of View Ms. Gigi Alvargonz Senior Product Manager of Palmolive wash The Problem Ms. Gigi Alvarez, senior fruit manager of Palmolive shampoo, lease to prepare marketing plan for Palmolive wash in five days to be presented to the Marketing Review. Objective To prepare a marketing plan for Palmolive Shampoo in five days to be presented to the Marketing Review. Areas of Consideration 1. )Company Background The present companionship, Colgate-Palmolive, is an $8. billion consumer harvest-feasts company that serves people around the world with well-known brands that make consumers lives healthier and much(prenominal) enjoyable. Truly international in scope, its sales come from its international operations. The company focuses on five core businesses Oral Care, Personal Care, Household Surface Care, Fabric Care, and Pet Nutrition. Now, it has let a leading marketer if not a leader in roughly prod uct categories it competes in. The parent company has research and development (R&D) operations in Piscataway, New Jersey, but it also established a regional R&D base in the Philippines. . )The Shampoo industry In 1996, there were triple major lave manufacturers in the Philippines. The category leader was Procter and Gamble with five shampoo brands (Pantene, exuberate, Head & Shoulders, Ivory, and Vidal Sasson), Unilever (Sunsilk, Lux, and Organics), and Colgate-Palmolive (Palmolive Naturals, Palmolive Optima, and Gard). The three manufacturers control about 91 percent of the shampoo market. More than one hundred other(a) shampoo brands compete for the remaining nine percent. The shampoo industry was long dominated by Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever.Colgate-Palmolive was very unfluctuating during the 1960s-1970 while Unilever took everyplace the leadership briefly during the late 1970s. Procter and Gamble entered the shampoo market by introducing Prell, quit the market and then re-entered the market through Rejoice in the late 1980s. Palmolive was still the brand leader nationwide because of good distribution and popular price. However, in Metro Manila, Procters Pantene was number one in some studies. Procter with five shampoo brands became the shampoo category market leader in 1995. 3. )Marketing Mix ElementsIn 1996, there were five variants of Palmolive Naturals Shampoo each catering to a specific hair type. Palmolive Naturals utilized a translucent plastic bottle with a label and full fliptop cap. Each had preposterous label and closure coer. Palmolive Naturals is the plurality market shampoo of Colgate-Palmolive and was positioned as a shampoo made from natural ingredients that are hiyang (roughly translated, compatible). In 1990, Palmolive Optima 2-in-1 shampoo add-on conditioners was launched with a hair scientist demonstrating the conditioning benefits of the shampoo to hair. Colgate-Palmolive also had a strong antidandruff shampoo brand in Gard .Product life cycles for shampoo brands are becoming shorter and news about a brand moldiness be had at least every two years. Just recently, Procter and Gamble started importing shampoos from its subsidiary in Thailand. Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever continued to manufacture shampoo in the Philippines. Colgate-Palmolive had a good distribution system that matched the capabilities of its two competitors. Its relationship with its wholesalers and big sellers was quite strong. Allowances and trade support were adequate and competitive. Wholesalers and big retailers then supply the smaller account, loosely sari-sari (provision) storeowners.To win the shampoo war the brand must have extensive reporting. To make a brand ubiquitous it must be carried by the sari-sari stores. However, company support for the small sari-sari- stores was weak and some regions in Visayas and Mindanao have poor coverage. Palmolive Naturals was priced 5 to 10 percent lower than Palmolive Otima and other bran ds of Procter and Unilever. The market outhouse be divided into three set segments, namely economy pricing, medium pricing, premium pricing. When Palmolive Naturals was launched, Lea Salonga was its image model and celebrity subscriber. The first of the series of commercials was aired in December 1989.It was shot in London and it was one of Leas first television commercial appearances in the Philippines. The campaign naughtylighted Palmolive Shampoo as cosmos specially formulated for Asia long, black hair and it was called the Palmolive shampoo with Conditioner Special Care for Asian Hair campaign. Palmolive aired several commercials with Lea Salonga. The campaign was aired on television and radio, and printed in newspapers. These were supplemented by campus tours where Palmolive promo girls distributed free Palmolive shampoo and soap, and flyers and catalogues featuring Lea Salonga.Palmolive was not to be left behind in the hair salons. They obtained the services of hairdresse r, Ricky Reyes, as an endorser and also sponsored his Beauty School Plus educational television show. He was also featured in commercials cum public relations in lovingness for the Asian hair and the Palmolive Hair Crime News campaign. Alternative Courses of Action The first alternative is to make a marketing plan based on the Price Strategies of Palmolive Shampoo. Advantages Taking pricing decision is one of the critical factors of business for Palmolive Shampoo.To take the pricing decision a proper research needs to be carried out such as on the product availability, competitors pricing dodge, nodes perceived pricing, customers leaveingness to pay the price of the product, demand factor etc. The pricing decision influences the demand of the product in the market, the pricing strategy of the competitors, the profitability of the company and the most important is the customer decision on purchasing the product such as which brand product to buy and which not, which will give the major satisfaction to the customer by rendering the higher value at the lesser price then the competitors.Palmolive Shampoo whitethorn indulge in scuttleming strategy, which allows the company to often start with a high price for their unique products. . For customers, who buy the product first, it is a status symbol & these customers are willing to pay a very high price. So the company can skim the market. Later, the company has to make a price reduction to get more customers. With this price reduction, Palmolive Shampoo can give different discounts to their customers. A customer who orders a large quantity on an item may receive a quantity discount.A distributor who gives marketing nurture to the company or takes on other tasks of the company, for example, the transport, may receive a trade discount. The company can give a patronage discount for a customer who buys at this company for a long time or it offers a bonus if the customer buy a large amount during one year. Customers who pay cash may be given a cash discount. And the company can also give an employee discount for its own employees. Part of the price policy of Palmolive Shampoo is to decide who receives a discount.This makes it difficult for customers to compare prices of different companies. If Palmolive Shampoo wants to penetrate a market, it starts with a low price. With this penetration strategy, Palmolive Shampoo wants to win a lot of customers and it often wants to mark off the competitors with the low price. This is called a low-price strategy. Later Palmolive Shampoo tries to raise the prices to make more profit. After penetrating the market, Palmolive Shampoo, capturing strategy comes in if a company offers products which are joined in some way it can use different prices strategies for the different products.Disadvantages The primary disadvantage to the company that engages in competition based pricing is that they are not pricing based on the value delivered to customers orless optim allyon the basis of their be. Thus, they are unable to effective manage tax revenue to a target, creating a chaotic income stream, with all the disruptions in management and customer experience that may entail. Additionally, competition based pricing is an efficient way to claim profit out of the entire industry.Once a single company dos to a competitor with a price change, it is very difficult for other companies not to respond with price changes of their own. Almost always, those price changes are discounts, and become a race to the bottom. Another disadvantage is that Palmolive Shampoo would have opinionated approach. The concept of fixed costs means that these costs never change. Rent and salaries are fixed costs. If the company produces and sells a thousand more products one month and sells fewer the next months, the fixed costs dont change.That means if costs is the main factor in pricing, then the pricing should fluctuate from month to month. Raw materials and sales com mission are multivariate costs or costs that change from period to period. Consumers can be sceptical of pricing fluctuations and it erodes brand trust. If costs of production decrease, cost plus pricing suggests that pricing should decrease. Then, you Palmolive Shampoo would lose on profits, this would mean that Palmolive Shampoo is not efficient in their pricing. It works the opposite if production costs increase. Cost plus pricing doesnt inspire efficiency.As long as customers are paying production costs you dont have any incentive to lower costs or set out faster, cheaper and more effective ways of producing products. Its easy for a company to become complacent. Meanwhile, competitors are taking steps to produce a better product faster, which allows them to slew market share. The second alternative is to make a marketing plan based on the Distribution (Place) Strategies of Palmolive Shampoo. Advantages If selling directly from the manufacturer to the consumer was always the m ost efficient methodology for doing business, the need for channel of distribution would be obviated.Intermediaries, however, provide several benefits to both Palmolive Shampoo and consumers improved efficiency, a better kind of products, routinization of transactions, and easier hard-hitting for goods as well as customers. Intermediaries provide a second benefit by bridging the gap between the assortment of goods and services generated by Palmolive Shampoo and those in demand from consumers. Palmolive Shampoo typically produce large quantities of a few similar products, while consumers want small quantities of many different products.In order to quiet the flow of goods and services, intermediaries perform such functions as sorting, accumulation, allocation, and creating assortments. In sorting, intermediaries take a supply of different items and sort them into similar groupings, as exemplified by graded untaught products. Accumulation means that intermediaries bring together i tems from a number of different sources to create a larger supply for their customers. Intermediaries allocate products by breaking down feather a homogeneous supply into smaller units for resale.A third benefit provided by intermediaries is that they help reduce the cost of distribution by reservation transactions routine. transform relationships can be standardized in terms of lot size, frequency of delivery and payment, and communications. Seller and buyer no longer have to bargain over every transaction. As transactions become more routine, the costs associated with those transactions are reduced. With these advantages, this could strengthen the distribution strategy of Palmolive Shampoo. And it would greatly improve the companys poor market in the Visayas and Mondanao region.Disadvantages The main disadvantage of direct distribution is that Palmolive Shampoo typically lack retailing expertise, this greatly contribute to the poor coverage of the company in Visayas and Mindanao areas. The Company with a good product to offer the market may not be good at marketing it. By using other distribution channels to distribute their product, they are able to make use of the expertise of dedicated retailers and wholesalers. non only that, the time that a manufacturer misss in retailing activities is time that mightiness be better spent on production-related activities.Another downside is the cost factor. Costs associated with selling directly to the consumers are high compared with using intermediaries for the same level of sales. This includes costs of hiring and training salespeople, travel and transportation, telephone and postage costs. In addition, the overheads of opening and exerting retail outlets and hiring work force to look afterward such operations are high. With cost come to hand, time would be another factor. With Palmolive Shampoo researching on new customers and visiting them to sell the products consumes much time.The salespeople spend most of their time haggling with customers over the price. Additionally, time is also spent following up on the existing customers to ensure repeated buying in future. Palmolive shampoo will most in all probability focus on the sales volume rather than targeting customer needs and their satisfaction. Additionally, the salespeople are driven by the need to earn large bonuses at the expense of customer satisfaction. Customer loyalty and poor brand image will result leading to declining sales in the long run. The third alternative is to make a marketing plan based on the Promotions Strategies of Palmolive Shampoo.Advantages Promotion is a form of corporate communication that uses unlike methods to reach a targeted audience with a certain message in order to achieve specific organizational objectives. Nearly all organizations, whether for-profit or not-for-profit, in all types of industries, must engage in some form of promotion In the context of the marketing mix, promotion represents the v arious aspects of marketing communication, that is, the communication of information about the product with the goal of generating a positive customer response.Marketing communication decisions include Promotional strategy (push, pull, etc. ), Advertising, Personal selling & sales force, gross sales promotions, Public relations & publicity, Marketing communications budget. New customers might learn to love Palmolive Shampoos product and become long-term clients. Such efforts may range from multinational firms spending large sums on securing high-profile celebrities to serve as corporate spokespersons the benefit of using celebrities to endorse your brand is you can capitalize on the goodwill they elicit from the public.Palmolive Shampoo having Lea Salonga promote their Shampoo products, Ricky Reyes also an endorser to the company there is no question why consumers purchases of Palmolive Shampoo went up. Disadvantages An diaphanous disadvantage to a promotional strategy is its pote ntial for failure. Worse, the long-term benefits of Palmolive Shampoo might not offset the costs of the promotion. Careful research and expert advice from a marketing consultant can help maximize Palmolive Shampoos chances for success, but nothings guaranteed.The longer a sales promotion lasts, the more likely Palmolive Shampoo will decrease the perceived value of their product. For example, if a restaurant offers a steep discount for childrens shampoo to attract families, parents might balk at paying more after they get used to the low prices. Palmolive Shampoo should keep promotions short to prevent long-term damage to their overall pricing strategy. If Palmolive Shampoo promotions occur in a predictable pattern, potential customers might wait for a sale rather than buy the product or service at full price.For example, if a retail clothing store offers a sizable discount on most holidays, sales will be low between holidays, and relatively few customers will ever pay full price. A nother, consumer might abandon as soon as the promotion is over and continue to hunt for bargains. Converting bargain hunters to permanent customers depends on developing brand loyalty. For example, if your excellent customer service or high-quality products impress them, they are more likely to stay with you after prices return to normal levels. The fourth alternative is to make a marketing plan based on the Product Strategies of Palmolive Shampoo. Advantages Product strategy marketing deals with the tools, technology and methodologies a business uses to distinguish its products. With sound marketing, Palmolive shampoo may receive more attention for its efforts to woo customers and make its Shampoo products more desirable. With Palmolive Shampoo consistently comes up with sound product outlines and adeptly markets its merchandise is the darling of investors and securities exchange players.Effective product strategy marketing enables Palmolive Shampoo to estimate potential cost and performance attributes for their products, as well as line up which attributes could spur profitability down the road. The goal for Palmolive Shampoo is to find out features that customers like and how much it will cost to add them to products, while keeping in mind profitability goals top leadership has set. This concept helps a business chart a product strategy compatible with other parts of its marketing plan meaning Palmolive Shampoo must make sure it designs goods it effectively can sell, promote and distribute.Disadvantages nonpareil of the disadvantages that Palmolive Shampoo would encounter is the higher cost of products. Related to the increased staff requirements are higher costs commonly associated with a product differentiation strategy. Not only are there usually increased labour costs, but costs to customize products and research particular needs of each given customer market are expensive as well. Salespeople that sell to multiple markets also typically have to tra vel farther, which increases time spent travelling and costs associated with making sales.These higher costs mean the companies must generate more sales and charge higher prices to net profit When Palmolive Shampoo uses a product specialization strategy, it is inherent for branding that the development and marketing of the product remains consistent across all customer markets. If the company fails to deliver an effective product response to a particular market segment, the negative damage to the brands image can have effects across all of the companys customer markets.Thus, Palmolive Shampoo needs to maintain a consistent standard of quality and durability to maintain brand image. Another challenge of a product specialization approach is that Palmolive Shampoo can be too focused on product research and development and fail to react promptly to changes in customer demand and interest. With more customer-centric approaches to targeting customers, Palmolive Shampoo is more likely to keep up with changes within the marketplace to know how to evolve products and market them in a way that satisfies marketplace expectations.Recommendation/Conclusion I recommend the second alternative, which is to make a marketing plan based on the Distribution (Place) Strategies of Palmolive Shampoo. With the use of intermediaries to distribute the products, Palmolive Shampoo would increase its lead in the market over its competitors. This would help the company gain new market and new consumers. This also aids the search processes of both buyers and sellers. Palmolive Shampoo is searching to determine their customers needs, while customers are searching for certain products and services.A degree of uncertainty in both search processes can be reduced by using channels of distribution. In addition, Palmolive Shampoo can make some of their commonly used products more widely available by placing them in many different retail outlets, so that consumers are more likely to find them at t he right time. Intermediaries, however, provide several benefits to both Palmolive Shampoo and consumers improved efficiency, a better assortment of products, routinization of transactions, and easier searching for goods as well as customers.Intermediaries provide a second benefit by bridging the gap between the assortment of goods and services generated by Palmolive Shampoo and those in demand from consumers. A third benefit provided by intermediaries is that they help reduce the cost of distribution by making transactions routine. Exhibit 1 Visayas Distribution Plan Cebu is the main distributor. Distributing to neighbouring cities and provinces in Visayas. Exhibit2 Mindanao Distribution Plan Davao city is the main distributor. Distributing to neighbouring cities and provinces in Mindanao.